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ex physio exam 2 > ch5 energy expenditure (complete) > Flashcards

ch5 energy expenditure (complete) Flashcards

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1
Q

the 2 ways of measureing energy expenditure

A

indirect and direct calorimetry

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2
Q

pros of direct calorimetry

A

accurate overtime
good for resting metabolic measurements

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3
Q

cons of direct calorimetry

A

expensive
slow
heat is added by exercise equipment
sweat causes error
overall not practical for exercise

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4
Q

how does indirect calorimetry work

A

estimation of energy expenditure by measuring respiratory exchange of O2 and CO2 (measures volume and fraction)

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5
Q

indirect calorimetry is only accurate for

A

steady state oxidative metabolism

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6
Q

how does exercise effect gas exchange

A

metabolism of carbs and fats uses O2 and produces CO2

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7
Q

what is VO2

A

volume of oxygen consumed per minute

rate of O2 consumption

volume of inspired O2 minus volume of expired O2

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8
Q

what is VCO2

A

volume of CO2 produced per minute

rate of CO2 production

volume of expired CO2 minus volime of inspired CO2

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9
Q

what is Vi

A

volume of inspired air

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10
Q

what is Ve

A

volume of expired air

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11
Q

what is FeCO2

A

fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air

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12
Q

what is FiCO2

A

fraction of carbon dioxide in inspired air

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13
Q

what is FiO2

A

fraction of oxygen in inspired air

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14
Q

what is FeO2

A

fraction of oxygen in expired air

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15
Q

why is the Haldane transformation important

A

allows for calculation of VO2 and VCO2 by knowing the fractions and volumes of nitrogen gas. for when Vi =/= Ve

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16
Q

nitrogen gas is ___ stored in the body

A

not

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17
Q

typical composition of inspired air

A

21% oxygen
0.03% carbon dioxide
79% nitrogen gas

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18
Q

what energy system has a higher RER

A

glycolytic

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19
Q

when breaking down energy sources what is the trend that governs oxygen consumption

A

more carbon atoms in the substrate = more oxygen needed to use for energy
glucose carbon count< palmitic acid carbon count

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20
Q

what is respatory exchange ratio

A

ratio between rates of CO2 production and O2 usage (VCO2/VO2)

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21
Q

during exercise exchange of O2 from air we breathe to cellular uptake is ____ proportional across differing intensities

A

relatively

even at high intensities, blood remains mostly saturated with O2

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22
Q

exchange of CO2 from cells to air we expire is ____ compared to oxygen

A

less consistent

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23
Q

amount of CO2 exchanged can change in response to

A

intense exercise or heavy breathing (hyperventilation)

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24
Q

hyperventilation does what to CO2 concentrations

A

decreases

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25
CO2 is a byproduct of _______ during intense exercise
lactate buffering
26
During exercise CO2 increases in expired air, is this directly due to metabolism?
no
27
does the CO2 released from the lungs equal CO2 produced in tissues.
no, does not equal
28
calculations of carb vs FFA use are only accurate in what 2 conditions
rest or steady state exercise
29
is there a way to estimate protein use via RER
no
30
what measurement method is best/gold standard but not for acute exercise
isotope measurements
31
what measurement method is gold standard in exercise science
indirect calorimetry
32
what is basal metabolic rate
minimum amount of energy required to carry out essential physiological function
33
in what conditions must be met to measure basal metabolic rate
rest, supine, after 8 hours of sleep, 12 hours fasted
34
how does increases in fat free mass effect basal metabolic rate
it increases
35
how does age correlate with basal metabolic rate
as age (>60) increases, BMR decreases
36
which sex has a higher basal metabolic rate
males
37
how does body size affect basal metabolic rates
big bodies got higher BMR
38
how does body temperature effect BMR
as body temperature increases so does BMR
39
how does psychological stress effect basal metabolic rates
increases basal metabolic rate
40
difference between basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate
resting metabolic rate is like BMR (5-10%) but easier to measure
41
what conditions must be met to measure resting metabolic rate
rested, supine or reclining position and overnight fast
42
3 biggest contributors to total daily energy expenditure
Resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of eating and physical activity.
43
what percent does physical activity contribute to TDEE
32%
44
what percent does thermic effects of eating contribute to TDEE
8%
45
what percent does resting metabolic rate contribute to TDEE
60%
46
how does concentration of ATP in muscle compare at the start of exercise to the end of exercise
concentration remains the same as long as the demands of the exercise remain the same (steady state)
47
how does rate of ATP breakdown compare between at the start of exercise and after exercise
remains the same in steady state exercise
48
how does rate of ATP resynthesis compare at the start of exercise to at the end
rate of ATP synthesis remains the same from the start to end of exercise given the exercise is steady state
49
how does the rate of PCr breakdown compare at the start of exercise to after
PCr breakdown is greater at the start of exercise
50
how does the rate of phosphofructokinase activity change before and after exercise
higher near the end of exercise
51
how does metabolism relate to exercise intensity
directly proportional, as intensity increases so does metabolism
52
how does VO2 change during steady state cardio
will be steady (flat line) at the oxygen demands of the exercise intensity
53
VO2 and steady state cardio intensity are a linear relationship until
intensity passes lactate threshold
54
what happens to VO2 when intensity goes past lactate threshold
will continue to increase but in a exponential fashion (will eventually plateau)
55
what is VO2max
maximal amount of oxygen that can be consumed and used to produce energy
56
where is VO2max on the graph
point where no further increase in VO2 when increasing intensity
57
VO2 max is the best measure of
aerobic fitness and is also a good measure of health
58
what 2 ways is VO2 max values recorded
absolute and relative (to bodyweight or FFM)
59
why does body mass matter for VO2 max
larger people have greater capacity to consume oxygen
60
VO2 max is a great predictor of what in endurance performance
potential
61
does body fat percentage effect absolute VO2 max
not typically, only when performance task goes against gravity
62
criteria for VO2 max
no further increase in VO2 with increasing intensity blood lactate greater than or equal to 8 mmol/L RER of greater than or equal to 1.1 heart rate between 10bpm of age predicted max a borgs RPE of greater than 17
63
if no VO2 peak is found before volitional exhaustion, what have you found
VO2 peak
64
what is the Fick equation
VO2 max = cardiac output max * maximal difference in arteriole vs venous oxygen
65
what is the upper limit of maximal a-vO2 difference
15
66
what determines maximal a-vO2 difference
amount of oxygen used at muscle
67
what does maximal a-vO2 difference represent
basal metabolic rate and active muscle tissue
68
what can limit maximal arteriole venule O2 difference
muscle capillarity and mitochondria count and quality
69
can one increase their VO2 max?
yes with training, however VO2 max increases plateau after 8-12 weeks of training
70
what does a RER of greater than 1 mean
more CO2 is produced than oxygen consumed
71
what physiological systems produce CO2 and would lead to a RER of greater than 1
formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate krebs cycle bicarbonate buffering system (produce CO2 as a biproduct of eliminating H+)
72
why is there elevated VO2 after exercise
to resupply ATP and PCr used during start of exercise removal of accumulated lactate replacement of O2 stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin clearing of CO2 return of body temp to resting values return of catecholamines to resting values
73
what is the increased VO2 phenomenon after exercise called
EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
74
why is active recovery/cooldown after intense training beneficial
helps remove lactate
75
if improvements in VO2max plateau after 8-12 weeks of training, how does endurance performance continue to improve
increasing lactate threshold and better economy
76
during early stages of exercise with increasing intensity, rate of lactate clearance_____ rate of lactate production
equals
77
as intensity of exercise increases, lactate production ______ lactate clearance
exceeds
78
where is the lactate threshold in untrained individuals
50-60% VO2max
79
where is the lactate threshold in trained individuals
70-80% VO2 max
80
where is the lactate threshold in elite endurance athletes
80-90% VO2 max
81
below lactate threshold what kind of energy systems are primarily you using
aerobic
82
below lactate threshold what kind of fuel substrates are you primarily using
FFA and stored fats
83
below lactate threshold would your RER be greater than, equal to or less than 1
less than
84
past lactate threshold what kind of energy systems are you primarily using
anaerobic
85
past lactate threshold what kind of fuel substrates are you primarily using
CHO, carbs
86
past lactate threshold, is your RER greater than, equal to or less than 1
greater than
87
what adaptations from training help increase lactate threshold
increased Krebs cycle enzymes and activity (succinate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase) increased electron transport train components (cytochrome C) increased muscle oxygen extraction via myoglobin
88
what are typical attributes of successful endurance athletes
high VO2 max high lactate threshold high economy of effort (efficiency) high percentage of type 1 muscle fibers

ex physio exam 2 (5 decks)

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