Ch5: Sex Hormones & Human Sexuality

Question 1

Etymology of hormone

Answer 1

Greek “ormao” = to excite or arouse

Question 2

Organs that secrete hormones into blood, affecting distant tissues!!

Answer 2

Endocrine organs

Question 3

TRUE/FALSE: you need a shit ton of hormones to kick-start puberty

Answer 3

False!!! Small traces of hormones kick-start puberty!

Question 4

Main sex hormones??? (3)

Answer 4

Androgens, estrogens, progestogens

Question 5

~ the master gland~ that controls most other endocrine glands

Answer 5

Pituitary!

Question 6

Birth rates highest in which season?

Answer 6

Late summer & early autumn

Question 7

Birth rates lowest in???

Answer 7

Late winter;;;; early spring;;;;

Question 8

What people doing in the darkest winter months?

Answer 8

Conceiving babies

Question 9

What people doing in late summer and early autumn?

Answer 9

Giving birth

Question 10

Menstrual cycle has 3 phases;;; what they called?

Answer 10

Follicular, ovulatory, luteal

Question 11

Follicular phase is also the _____ phase.

Answer 11

Proliferative

Question 12

What happens during the follicular phase?

Answer 12

(Same as proliferative phase)

Menstruation occurs at the very beginning

Also buildup of endometrium stimulated by estrogen

Question 13

What happens during the ovulatory phase?

Answer 13

Spike in 2 hormones, promoting ovulation and ovaries’ production of estrogen and progesterone

Question 14

What hormones increase during ovulatory phase?

Answer 14

Spike in 2 hormones

• luteinizing hormone
• follicle stimulating hormone

Question 15

What happens during the luteal phase?

Answer 15

Progesterone increases complexity of endometrium

without conception, period will occur in next phase (which is follicular)

Question 16

How does hormonal contraceptive work?

Answer 16

• Combination pills: suppress hormones that occur during ovulation: luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
• Stops ovulation, may also change cervical mucous and lining of the womb to prevent implantation

Question 17

PMS/PMDD: negative mood most commonly reported during _______ phase of menstrual cycle

Answer 17

Luteal

Question 18

Has a direct relationship between ovarian hormones and mood been established?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

True or false: administering estrogen has a consistently negative effect on people’s mood.

Answer 19

False: administering estrogen has mixed effects

Question 20

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone have a role in male development and reproduction as well. Describe these roles. (2 points)

Answer 20

Luteinizing hormone binds to cells inside testes, sends signal to secrete testosterone. Testosterone is needed for sperm production.

Levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone remain relatively constant in boys/men following puberty.

Question 21

What are secondary sexual characteristics? 2 pts

Answer 21

Developed during puberty

Triggered by activation of HPG axis

Question 22

What’s that HPG axis again?

Answer 22

Hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis

Question 23

Hypothalamus role in sex

Answer 23

Highly responsive to hormones!
PRODUCES sex hormones
Influences sexual acts
Influences people’s perception of sexuality?

Question 24

Male secondary sex characteristics (4)

Answer 24

Increased muscle mass
Facial hair
Growth of testes
Lowering of voice

Question 25

Female secondary sex characteristics

Answer 25

Widening of hips and pelvis Growth of breasts Increased fat tissue in arms, thighs, and buttocks

Question 26

HOW HORMONES AFFECT SEXUALITY

Answer 26

Title card

Question 27

What hormone, when administered, increases genital sexual arousal?

Answer 27

Testosterone

Question 28

What hormone, when administered, increases vaginal wall thickness, elasticity, lubrications, and vasocongestion?

Answer 28

Estradiol

Question 29

There is a certain type of hormones that is thought to be linked to sex drive and desire...what is it?

Answer 29

Androgens

Question 30

True or false: sexual activity increases levels of testosterone

Answer 30

True for women! “Probably true” for men

Question 31

For women, what actions impact sex-related hormones? 2points

Answer 31

Intimate physical contact, even of a non-sexual nature, can increase testosterone in women. Sexual arousal decreases cortisol and increases estradiol.

Question 32

In men, do T levels always change in response to sexual context?

Answer 32

Their T levels MAY vary in response to sexual context.

Question 33

Hormonal changes in response to your romantic partner just being there

Answer 33

Lowers testosterone, both in same-sex relationships and mixed-sex relationships

Question 34

Sexual hormones change in response to both actions and thoughts! What are the hormonal changes experienced in response to sexual thoughts? (1 per gender)

Answer 34

Men: increase testosterone Women: increase estradiol

Question 35

OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN

Answer 35

Title card

Question 36

Oxytocin is associated with... (MANY THINGS! 6 things!)

Answer 36

Bonding, childbirth, lactation, and maternal behaviour Increase in affiliating behaviour, psychologically lubricating the way for sexual contact Being in love!

Question 37

What happens when u administer oxytocin

Answer 37

Increased perception of a potential partner’s trustworthiness and attractiveness

Question 38

Vasopressin is associated with...

Answer 38

Fluid balance, heart rate, cardiovascular autonomic regulation, and multiple aspects of social and sexual functioning.

Question 39

Pheromones are produced in what gland?

Answer 39

Apocrine glands (armpit and pubic areas)

Question 40

True/false: do pheromones influence sexual behaviour of insects?

Answer 40

True!

Question 41

What other species are impacted by pheromones?

Answer 41

Fish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals

Question 42

What are the 4 types of pheromones?

Answer 42

Territorial Menstrual/fertile Sexual Maternal/infant

Question 43

So menstrual synchrony IS a thing. What happens?

Answer 43

Menstrual pheromones cause women to sync up

Question 44

MHC

Answer 44

Title card

Question 45

Who can detect armpit compounds better, men or women?

Answer 45

Women

Question 46

When can women best detect armpit compounds?

Answer 46

During fertile phase of menstrual cycle

Question 47

When do men find women’s scent more attractive

Answer 47

When she’s in fertile phase

Question 48

Do women prefer similar or dissimilar t-shirt scent?

Answer 48

Dissimilar overall, but when they’re on hormonal contraceptive, similar!

Question 49

MHC & Cheating behaviour

Answer 49

Women with similar major histocompatibility complex to husbands are more likely to have sex outside of the relationship than men who have a dissimilar MHC :’( The cheating behaviour usually happens during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle

Question 50

Perimenopause

Answer 50

occurs PRIOR to menopause Usually late forties

Question 51

Why does perimenopause happen?

Answer 51

Decline in estrogen and progestogen

Question 52

What symptoms of perimenopause may be experienced?

Answer 52

Hot flashes, sleep disruption, night sweats, joint pain, irritability

Question 53

Postmenopausal

Answer 53

A woman who has not hard a period in one year or more

Question 54

Generally, how old are postmenopausal women?

Answer 54

45-55

Question 55

What hormonal changes occur to postmenopausal women?

Answer 55

Declining estradiol > change in libido

Question 56

How can menopause affect ppl

Answer 56

Lower arousal, enjoyment, and ability to orgasm, sexual activity & responsiveness Perception of herself, her sexuality, and body can change

Question 57

Most common sexual disorder among women of all ages?

Answer 57

“Low desire!”

Question 58

The most common sexual disorder among women of all ages is _________ and occurs at a prevalence of _________ in Western countries.

Answer 58

Low desire 34-43% of women in Western countries!!

Question 59

In postmenopausal women, what treatmen can be administered to increase sexual behaviour

Answer 59

Injecting estradiol-androgen Perhaps maybe CBT to relieve stress?

Question 60

Andropause

Answer 60

Men: testosterone dropping

Question 61

Non-sexual symptoms of andropause (5)

Answer 61

Decreased strength and energy Increased irritability Decreased well-being Changes in cognitive function Bone and muscle loss

Question 62

Controversy within andropause discourse...

Answer 62

It’s likely not all because of testosterone loss! Testosterone administration does not fix this, unless there is HYPOGONADISM

Question 63

Hypogonadism

Answer 63

Condition where gonads produce little to no hormone