Ch7: Contraception & Pregnancy Options Flashcards by Stephanie c

Ancient forms of birth control: substances and barrier methods

Which form is popular in Greece?

Egypt?

use of poison?

Greece: Plant named silphium

Egypt: tampons soaked in honey or crocodile poo

Poison was used; mercury and arsenic

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Type of sex used as birth control

Intra-crural sex: rubbing peen between thighs instead of inside vagina

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[ history of birth control in canada ]

What was happening in the 1890s?

1892: use & sale of contraceptives made illegal under Canadian Criminal Code…(but wealthier women were able to get around this)

Margaret Sanger was an American nurse and activist who coined the term “birth control”

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In canada in 1892, what would have been the punishment for selling or using contraceptives?

Up to 2 years in jail

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[ history of birth control in canada ]

It’s 1923 now. What’s happening?

First formal contraceptive advocacy group in Vancouver

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[ history of birth control in Canada ]

It’s the 30’s. what’s happening?

1932: first birth control clinic opened!
1930s: Parents Information Bureau [southern Ontario] distributed contraceptives to low-income families!

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Who was Dorothea Palmer?

Distributed contraceptives to low income families

Arrested, but then won her case stating that she had been working for the public good!

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[ history of BC in Canada ]

1960s, what demographic changed birth control public opinion?

BABY BOOM! Population growth out of control, which made birth control more acceptable

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[ history of BC in Canada ]

In 1963, what impactful organization was founded?

International Planned Parenthood Federation founded

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[ history of BC in Canada ]

In 1968, what did the UN do to change birth control public opinion

UN recognized family planning as a human right

Opposed by religious organizations, esp Catholic Church

Though most Canadians supported it

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[ history of BC in Canada ]

1969, Trudeau…

Trudeau government removed birth control from Canadian Criminal Code!!!!!

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When were the first condoms developed?

What were they made of

Who did this

The fucking 16th century

Linen

Gabrielle Fallopio

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Ok, so condoms were available in the 16th century, but until the 20th century they weren’t widely used. This was because of religious and political agendas, which were…?

Religious: Catholic Church
Political: several plagues&raquo_space;> Europe wanted to repopulate

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If a woman has sex freely in one year and uses no contraceptive, the probability of her getting pregnant is __

85%

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How do combination hormonal contraceptives work?

Inhibiting ovulation

Altering endometrium

Altering cervical mucous consistency

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Failure rate of combination hormonal contraceptive

Perfect: 0.3%
Typical: 8%

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How do progestin-only contraceptives work?

May inhibit ovulation

Thin endometrium

Thickens cervical mucous

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Failure rate of progestin-only contraceptives?

Mini-pill & depo shot: 0.3% perfect; 8% typical

levonorgestrel-releasing IUS: 0.2%

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What are the types of combination hormonal contraceptive

combination pill
nuvaring
transdermal patch

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Which 3 birth control methods are progestin-only?

mini-pill
depo-provers shot
LNG-IUS

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LNG-IUS stands for…

Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System

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Pros & cons of hormonal contraceptives?

pros:
Very effective
Regulates cycle
Regulates flow
Reversible

Cons:
Must be taken regularly
No STI protection
Side effects: weight gain, cancer, mood

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Non-hormonal methods (6)

Spermicide
Condoms
Cervical barrire methods
Non-hormonal IUDs
surgical methods 
Natural

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Failure rate of IUD?

Perfect use: 0.6%

Most failures occur within first three months

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Pros and cons of IUD

``` Irregular bleeding possibly Increased menstrual flow No STI protection If exposed to STIs, increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease Low risk: expulsion, uterine perforation ```

Cervical barrier method

Created a barrier to sperm | Efficacy not terribly high, more effective with spermicide

Which BC methods are cervical barrier methods?

Contraceptive sponge Lea contraceptive Cervical cap Diaphragm

Pros and cons of cervical barriers as bc

Pros: No hormonal side effects Cons: Increased risk of TSS NO STI protection Unsuitable for those with recurring UTIs and/or vaginal infections High failure rate, susceptible to human error?

Cervical barrier failure rate for sponge and cap

Perfect use: 6-9% Typical use: 13-20% Higher if given birth already

Spermicide failure rate

Perfect use: 18% | Typical use: 29%

Types of spermicide

Film Suppository Jellies/creams

Failure rate for female condoms

Perfect use: 5% | Typical use: 21%

Failure rate for male condoms

Perfect use: 2% | Typical use: 15%

Which materials for male condoms have higher rates of slippage and breakage

Polyurethane and silicone

Surgical birth control methods

Female: tubal ligation Male: vasectomy

Failure rate of tubal ligation

0.5%

Failure rate of vasectomy

0.05% (after clearance given)

What is cut during a vasectomy

Severance of vas deferens

Natural methods include abstinence, withdrawal, and 3 others. What are they?

Lactation amenorrhea Sympto-Thermal Approach Rhythm method

Sympto-thermal approach: how does it work?

Woman charts basal body temperature, cervical position, and mucus to determine when she’s fertile 0.2*C spike in temperature

Failure rate of sympto-thermal approach?

Typical use: 80% | Perfect: 91-99%

Rhythm method:how does it work

Calendar-based; fertile time is calculated based on length of previous twelve cycles Con: cycle and ovulation can be unpredictable in times of stress/hormonal change

Standard-days method

Variation of rhythm method | More accurate, perf use 95%

Lactational amenorrhea

Breastfeeding suppresses ovulation | 98% effective!

Withdrawal failure rate

Is sterilization more common in married men or women

Married women

Is IUD more common in developed or developing world?

Developing! 15% vs 9%

Is condom more popular in developed or undeveloped countries

Developed!

Most common BC methods in Canada for unmarried women 18-34

Condoms and oral contraceptives

Sterilization is most common in

Older ppl

How is birth control related to poverty (long, 5 facts)

2/3 of families started by young and unmarried mothers, in the USA, live in povert In USA, 38% of moms who had kid before age 18 never finish high school Population growth is happening rapidly and in world’s poorest countries! of children affects overall education level in family and health outcomes! Clear link between family planning and a nation’s achievement of developmental goals

Personality factors for sexual risk-taking

Impulsivity, extroversion, neuroticism

Poverty, limited access to contraceptives, substance use/abuse are ______ factors of sexual risktaking

Situational

IMB MODEL

Helps identify factors that impact sexual behaviours Information Motivation Behavioural skills

True or false: openness to discussing sexuality positively impacts one’s likeliness of using BC correctly

True!

Types of abortions: therapeutic abortion. What is?

Performed when mother’s life is at risk Or if pregnancy is likely to cause severe physical or mental health consequences for mother Or if fetus has congenital disorder with high risk of morbidity

Types of abortion: elective abortion

Abortion performed for reasons other than maternal or fetal health Concerns like financial ability to care for child, rape, sexual coercion’s, feeling too young

Are both elective and therapeutic abortions legal in canada

Yes

What year was abortion made illegal in canada?

1869

What year was SOME abortion legalized in canada

1967–but only under very strict guidelines

When was abortion truly legalized in canada?

1988

Who was the doctor activist who fought for abortion? What did he do?

Dr. Henry Morgentaler Even after 1967 he chose to keep performing abortions in his Montreal clinic

Where in canada are there most and least abortion clinics?

Most: Quebec Least: Atlantic and Territories (but in Territories, woman can have abortion travel subsidized)

Where is abortion illegal?

Most of Africa, South America, Central America

Where is abortion legal?

``` North America Most European countries China India South Africa ```

Do more abortions occur in developing countries or developed countries?

83% in developing

Unsafe abortion statistics globally???? _______ hospitalization annually _______ deaths annually _______ % of maternal deaths worldwide result from unsafe abortions & their complications

5 million hospitalizations 70,000 deaths 13% of maternal deaths r from abortions + abortion complications :(

Up to what point in a pregnancy can u perform a medical abortion?

9 weeks

Drugs used in medical abortion

Methotrexate and misoprostol

How do medical abortions work??

Administrate drugs (methotrexate and misorpostol) They cause the fetus to stop growing Within a few days the uterus contracts and expels the fetus

Pros and cons of medical abortion

Pro: less invasive Con: side effects

Efficacy of medical abortions

90-98%

These are surgical abortions (just click)

Manual vacuum aspiration Vacuum suction curettage Dilation and evacuation

What are the three types of surgical abortions

Manual vacuum aspiration Vacuum suction curettage Dilation and evacuation

What is manual vacuum aspiration, and up to what point in the pregnancy can it be done?

7 weeks | Insert a tube into the uterus and suck everything out

Vacuum suction cutterage: how does it work, and what’s the cutoff date?

Dilate cervix, insert tube, create suction, scrape uterine lining with curette. 20 weeks

Risk of manual vacuum aspiration?

Safe and effective

Risk of vacuum suction cutterage?

Safe and little risk

Dilation and evacuation: how does it work, what is the cutoff date?

Similar to vacuum suction cutterage, but more complex due to increased size of fetus 13th to 16th week, but up to the 24th week

At what point is feticide necessary to conduct an abortion?

20th week

In a survey of cnadians, approximately what percentage of people were pro-choose and pro-life?

52% pro-choose | 27% pro-life

When was abortion decriminalized?

1969, Trudeau gov’t

1969: what conditions were necessary for abortion

Approval under “therapeutic abortion committee”

How did abortion laws change in 1988?

It was determined that abortion laws violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

When was Roe v Wade decided?

1973

Most unplanned pregnancies result in

Either abortion or the woman raising the child herself

Are public or private adoptions most common in canada?

Private

Public/Private Adoptions | Mothers are typically involved in the ______ adoption process and not in the ____ adoption process.

mother's are typically involved in the private adoption process, but not typically involved in the public adoption process.

Ch7: Contraception & Pregnancy Options Flashcards

(88 cards)