CH6 Sampling Strategies

Question 1

the entire set of individuals or other entities to which study findings are to be generalized

Answer 1

population

Question 2

a summary description of a given variable in a population

Answer 2

parameter

Question 3

a number that characterizes some quantitative aspect of a population; a “true” value/measurement

Answer 3

population parameter

Question 4

a subset of a population used to study it

Answer 4

sample

Question 5

the summary description of a variable in a sample; used to estimate a population parameter

Answer 5

statistic

Question 6

a list or a source of all the individuals, items, or elements that are part of the population being studied in a research project or survey.

Answer 6

sampling frame

Question 7

the process of deciding what or whom to observe when you cannot observe or analyze everything or everyone

Answer 7

sampling

Question 8

a sample chosen via random selection; characteristics include random change and selection can be calculated

Answer 8

probability sample

Question 9

a study that includes data on every member of a population

Answer 9

census

Question 10

a sample not drawn from random selection

Answer 10

nonprobability sample

Question 11

nonprobability sample where cheapest and easiest observations are selected

Answer 11

convenience sample

Question 12

the difference between the estimates from a sample and the true parameter that arise due to random chance

Answer 12

sampling error

Question 13

the amount of uncertainty in an estimate; how close estimate comes to population parameter

Answer 13

margin of error

Question 14

a set of estimates observed from a large number of independent samples of the same size and drawn from the same method

Answer 14

sampling distribution

Question 15

the probability that an estimate includes the population parameter (conventionally 95%)

Answer 15

confidence levels

Question 16

type of probability sample in which each individual has the same probability of being selected

Answer 16

simple random sample

Question 17

probability sampling where samples are chosen by fixed intervals (e.g. every nth person)

Answer 17

systematic sample

Question 18

when a random sampling sequence varies in some regular, periodic pattern

Answer 18

periodicity

Question 19

probability sampling in which target populations are divided into clusters or groups, first selecting clusters randomly, and then individuals within those clusters

Answer 19

cluster sampling

Question 20

Sampling advantages:
- can take probability samples when sampling frame doesnʻt exist
- more surveys can be conducted at a lower cost

Answer 20

cluster sampling

Question 21

probability sampling where population is divided into strata and sample members are selected in strategic proportions from each group

Answer 21

stratified sampling

Question 22

probability sampling which ensures all groups are included; groups are stratified and samples randomly from within the strata

Answer 22

stratified random sampling

Question 23

sampling from a strata in exact proportions

Answer 23

proportionate stratified sampling

Question 24

when the proportion of each stratum is intentionally varied from population

Answer 24

disproportionate stratified sampling

Question 25

a group deliberately sampled at a higher rate than its frequency in population

Answer 25

oversampling

Question 26

elements selected because they are available and easy to find

Answer 26

availability sampling

Question 27

when sample elements are selected for a purpose because of their unique position

Answer 27

purposive sampling

Question 28

a purposive sample that targets individuals who are particularly knowledgeable about certain issues being studied

Answer 28

key informant survey

Question 29

first point of contact research has with their study population

Answer 29

key informant

Question 30

when new materials fail to yield new insights only reinforce what is already known

Answer 30

saturation

Question 31

sampling useful for hard to reach populations with no sampling frame, but members are somewhat interconnected

Answer 31

snowball sampling

Question 32

sample that consists of whoever or whatever is available without concern of similarity to population of interest

Answer 32

quota sampling

Question 33

research where scientists study a large number of cases but gather limited amounts of data or variables of each

Answer 33

variable-oriented research

Question 34

research where scientists gather large amounts of data about a single or small number of cases

Answer 34

case-oriented research