CH.6 Urinary System Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What anatomy is part of the urinary system?
A
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- urinary bladder
- Urethra
2
Q
Function of the kidneys is what?
A
Filter arterial blood to help regulate water, sodium and electrolytes.
3
Q
The kidneys lay…
A
Retroperitoneal
4
Q
The kidneys are fed by what arteries?
A
Renal Arteries
5
Q
The kidneys lay at what vertebral level?
A
T12-L3
6
Q
The renal artery and vein, lymphatics, and nerve plexus are part of what area of kidneys?
A
Hilum
7
Q
The ureters extend from kidneys to bladder on what plane?
A
Posterolaterally
8
Q
What does IVU stand for?
A
Intravenous Urography
9
Q
What is the imaging modality of choice for the kidney system?
A
CT- because of better contrast resolution of abdominal structures
10
Q
What is the most common exam for lower urinary tract?
A
Cystography
11
Q
A cystograph is what type of study?
A
Retrograde- against the common flow
12
Q
What is the most common indication for cystography?
A
Vesicoureterel reflux
13
Q
This is performed by a urologist during cystoscopy.
A
Retrograde Pyelography
14
Q
What is retrograde pyelography used for?
A
Used to help delineate stones
15
Q
What is one of the most invasive renal procedures?
A
Renal Angiography
16
Q
What are common indications of renal angiography?
A
- renal cancer
- renal artery stenosis
17
Q
This is inserted into the renal pelvis and connects outside of the body for drainage to reduce hydronephrosis.
A
Nephrostomy Tubes
18
Q
This is placed into the ureters from the renal pelvis and into the bladder, done post obstruction.
A
Ureteral Stent
19
Q
This is the most common type of urethral catheter that has a balloon on the end inserted into the bladder where the balloon is then inflated.
A
Foley Catheter
20
Q
This is a congenital and hereditary disease in which one kidney, most frequently the left, is not fully developed.
A
Renal Agenesis
21
Q
This is a result of renal a genesis.
A
Compensatory Hypertrophy.
22
Q
This is a disease in which a 3rd kidney with its own renal artery is present. It can be caused by frequent UTIs.
A
Supernumery Kidney
23
Q
This is a kidney that is developed less than normally in size but contains normal nephrons along with opposite side hyperplasia.
A
Hypoplasia
24
Q
Hypoplasia is associated with what?
A
Hypertension and hyperplasia of the renal vessels
25
This is an overdeveloped kidney often associated with opposite side hypoplasia.
Hyperplasia
26
Fusion anomalies are most often referred to as what?
Horseshoe Kidney
27
Most of the time this occurs when the lower poles of each kidney fuse together.
Horseshoe Kidney
28
This is a common result of fusion anomalies.
Renal Calculi (stones)
29
This is when one kidney crosses the midline to the opposite side and can fuse with the kidney that is in its correct place.
Crossed ectopy
30
This is one of the most common position anomalies of the kidneys where one kidney will rotate 180 degrees to the renal pelvis.
Malrotation
31
Malrotation can cause what to happen to the ureter.
Can cause it to kink
32
This is when a kidney is out of its normal position.
Ectopic Kidney
33
What can an ectopic kidney cause?
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
34
This is a lack of the kidney to drop.
Nephroptosis
35
THis is a common anomaly that varies from simple bifid pelvis to a completely double pelvis, ureter and ureterovesical orifice.
Duplex Kidney
36
Duplex Kidney can be complicated by what?
- Obstruction
- Vesicoureteral Reflux
- UTIs
37
This is a cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder. Can be unilateral or bilateral.
Ureterocele
38
What are the 2 types of ureteroceles?
Simple (adult)
| Ectopic (infants)
39
Ureteroceles are most commonly associated with what?
Duplex Kidneyy
40
This is a congenital anomaly that may represent a dilated branched ureteric remnant, best demonstrated by retrograde urethrography.
Ureteral Diverticula
41
What can cause Ureteral Diverticula?
Chronic bladder obstruction causing a mucosal weakening causing an outpouching.
42
This is an out pouching of the bladder that may occur as a congenital anomaly or be caused by chronic bladder obstruction and resultant infection commonly occurring in middle aged men and can be diagnosed via cystography or cystoscopy.
Bladder Diverticula
43
These are mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra as a congenital condition causing significant obstruction to urine flow.
Posterior Urethral Valves
44
Urethral Valves can lead to what?
- Hydronephrosis
- Hydroureter
- renal damage
45
This is an inherited disorder in which multiple cysts af varying size cause lobulated enlargement of the kidneys and progressive renal impairment.
Polycystic Kidney Disease
46
Polycystic Kidney Disease can also indicate what?
Renal failure and CHF
47
10% of polycystic kidney disease have one or more saccular (berry) aneurysms of cerebral arteries that may rupture and produce what?
Fatal Subarachnoid Hemmorrhage
48
This is a congenital dilation of the medullary and papillary portions of the collecting ducts leading to urinary stasis and increased levels of calcium phosphate.
Medullary Sponge Kidney
49
This is the most common of all bacterial infections
Urinary Tract Infection
50
What bacteria is most often the cause of UTIs?
E. coli
51
This is a suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria affecting the interstitial tissue between the tubules.
Pyelonephritis
52
UTIs left untreated can often lead to this.
Pyelonephritis
53
This is a recurrent or persistent infection of the kidneys such that is caused by chronic reflux of the infected urine from the bladder into the renal pelvis.
Chronic Pyelonephritis
54
Chronic pyelonephritis is bilateral or unilateral?
Bilateral
55
Chronic pyelonephritis is often seen in what types of patients?
Those with anatomic abnormalities.
56
This is painful urination.
Dysuria
57
This is pus in the urine.
Pyuria
58
This is a non supportive inflammatory process involving the tufts of capillaries (glomeruli) that filter the blood within the kidney.
Glomerulonephritis
59
THis is an antigen-antibody reaction that most commonly occurs several weeks after ana cute upper respiratory or middle ear infection with certain strains of hemolytic streptococci.
Glomerulonephritis
60
Glomerulonephritis causes these to be extremely permeable allowing albumin and RBCs to leak into the urine.
glomeruli
61
This is albumin in the urine. It is often smoky/coffee colored urine.
Proteinuria
62
This is the presence of blood in the urine.
Hematuria
63
This is smaller than the normal amount of urine.
Oliguria
64
The minor calyxes appear blunted in patients with this.
Glomerulonephritis.
65
Glomerulonephritis is also called this?
Brights Disease
66
This is inflammation of the bladder generally caused by bacteria and may be acute or chronic.
Cystitis
67
Cystitis can cause more problems by the spreading of bacteria into what other areas?
- Renal Pelvis
| - Kidneys
68
This is the backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the ureters. It can be seen in cases with cystitis.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
69
VUR can also be caused by this bladder dysfunction caused by interference with the nerve impulses concerned with urination.
Neurogenic Bladder
70
This is the most common nosocomial infection.
Cystitis
71
Why are women more likely to get cystitis?
Because of their shorter urethra
72
What is the radiographic appearance of cystitis referred to as?
bladder trabeculae
73
This is thickening of the small vessels of the kidney. May be caused as part of normal aging or seen in younger patients in association with hypertension and diabetes.
Nephrosclerosis
74
Indentation of the cortical margin due to local infarction occurs with this degenerative disease.
Nephrosclerosis
75
This is a calcium metabolism disturbance with calcium phosphate deposits visible radiographically.
Nephrocalcinosis
76
This is a large calculus that assumes the shape of the pelvicaliceal junction. Most are visible on a radiograph.
Staghorn Calculus
77
This is severe or intermittent pain from movement of stones.
Renal Colic
78
This is often times chronic but can also be acute. It usually represents the end result of a chronic process gradually resulting in diminished kidney function.
Renal Failure
79
This is retention of urea in the blood.
Uremia
80
This is rapid deterioration of the kidney function. It results in the accumulation of nitrogen containing wastes in the blood.
Acute Renal Failure
81
Acute Renal Failure can cause this characteristic urinlike odor.
"fishy-breath"
82
What are the 2 types of acute renal failure?
- Prerenal- sudden reduction in blood flow
| - Postrenal- outflow obstruction caused by waste
83
This may reflect pre renal, post renal, or intristic kidney disease caused by bilateral renal artery stenosis, bilateral ureteral obstruction, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelnonephritis and familial cystic disease.
Chronic Renal Failure
84
These are urinary calculi that are asymptomatic until they lodge in the ureter and cause partial obstruction resulting in extreme pain that radiates from the area of the kidney to the groin.
Kidney Stones.
85
What is the first area a kidney stone may become lodged?
Ureteropelvic Junction
86
How are kidney stones caused?
From the precipitation of calcium oxate
87
Kidney Stones are most often a result of what?
Underlying Metabolic Abnormalities such as hyperglycemia
88
This is an obstructive disorder of the urinary system that causes dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine.
Hydronephrosis
89
What can occur from long standing hydronephrosis?
- Increase in intrarenal pressure causing:
- ichemia
- parenchymal atrophy
- loss of renal function
90
This is thinning of an outer layer of tissue.
Parenchymal Atrophy
91
This is decreased blood flow to a tissue causing necrosis/death.
Ischemia
92
This is the most common unifocal mass of the kidney. It is fluid filled and varies in size.
Renal cysts
93
This is the most common renal neoplasm also known as hypernephroma. It occurs predominantly in patients over 40.
Renal Carcinoma
94
Where does renal carcinoma originate?
The tubular epithelium of the renal cortex
95
What are the triad of classic symptoms of renal carcinoma?
- hematuria
- flank pain
- palpable abdominal mass
96
What are the 4 stages of Renal Carcinoma?
1. Confined in the kidney
2. Spreads to Fascia of kidney
3. Spread to renal vein
4. Spread to adjacent organs except for adrenal glands.
97
This is the most common neoplasm of infancy and childhood and arises from embryonic renal tissue. It tends to become very large and appear as a palpable mass.
Wilms Tumor
98
What is another name for a Wilms Tumor?
Nephroblastoma
99
This neoplastic disease is caused by cigarette smoking, certain industrial chemicals and may be linked to excessive coffee drinking.
Bladder Carcinoma
100
Bladder Carcinoma can be classified in what 3 ways?
1. Transitional Cell Carcinoma- most frequent
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma- from chronic irritation
3. Adenocarcinoma
101
Carcinoma of the bladder most commonly originates where?
Epithelium
102
Bladder Carcinoma is commonly referred to as what?
Urothelial Carcinoma
103
Where are bladder carcinomas typically located?
In the Trigone
104
Bladder cancer can metastasize to what other areas of the body?
- Prostate in men
- Uterus and ovaries in women
- Bone
