Ch7 Antiinfective Agents

Question 1

Caries are produced by

Answer 1

Streptococcus mutans

Question 2

Are antibiotics useful to treat or prevent caries?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

After pain management, what is the dental problem for which drugs are most often prescribed

Answer 3

Infection

Question 4

Dental Infections can be divided into several types including:

Answer 4

Caries
Periodontal disease
localized dental infections
systemic infections

Question 5

what is the biggest dental problem in the adult patient

Answer 5

periodontal disease

Question 6

Organisms initially responsible for a dental infection are primarily

Answer 6

gram positive cocci

Question 7

After a short time, the gram positive infection begins to include a variety of both gram positive and negative anaerobic organisms this is termed a?

Answer 7

mixed infection

Question 7

Over time the proportion of organisms that are anaerobic increases until it consists of predominantly

Answer 7

anaerobic flora

Question 8

The choice of antibiotics for an infection depends on

Answer 8

where it is in its evolution.

Question 9

If the infection is just beginning the organisms are most likely

Answer 9

Gram positive cocci

Question 10

What is the drug of choice for infection?
*unless pt is allergic to it

Answer 10

penicillin (Pen VK)

Question 11

A pt allergic to penicillin what alternatives ay be used to treat infection

Answer 11

clindamycin or erythromycin

Question 12

What antibiotic would be the most effective to use during the mixed infection stage?

Answer 12

Clindamycin (affects both gram positive and negative anaerobes)

Question 13

Some DDS avoid the use of clindamycin because of the association of

Answer 13

pseudomembranous colitis

Question 14

Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by? they have the capacity to do what?

Answer 14

Microorganisms that have the capacity (in dilute solutions) to destroy or suppress growth of organisms

Question 15

the ability to kill bacteria; effect is irreversible.

Answer 15

Bactericidal

Question 16

Ability to inhibit or retard the multiplication or growth of bacteria; reversible

Answer 16

bacteriostatic

Question 17

concentration of the anti-infective agent present in the blood or serum refers to

Answer 17

blood serum level

Question 18

what is the nonhomeostatic multiplication of organisms within the body is

Answer 18

infection

Question 19

does the presence of a pathogen constitute “invasion”?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

Describe minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Answer 20

lowest concentration needed to inhibit growth of an organism on media after 18-24 hours of incubation

Question 21

superinfection/suprainfection describes

Answer 21

infection caused by proliferation of MO’s different from those causing the original infection

Question 22

Superinfection is more often caused by ____ antibiotics and increases when taken for a ___ time period

Answer 22

broad spectrum antibiotics; longer

Question 23

the pathogenic organisms emerging in a superinfection generally are

Answer 23

more difficult to eradicate than original organism and more likely to exhibit resistance

Question 24

Most superinfections are caused by what kind of bacteria

Answer 24

staph or strep

Question 25

what does synergism refer to

Answer 25

when the combo of 2 antibiotics produce more effect than would be expected if their individual effects were added.

Question 26

when a combo of 2 agents produces less effect than either agent alone this describes

Answer 26

antagonism

Question 27

Factors that determine the likelihood of a MO causing an infection (3)

Answer 27

1. virulence 2. inoculum (#of organisms present) 3. resistance of the host (immunologic response)

Question 28

host resistance should be considered as having both

Answer 28

local and systemic components

Question 29

drugs such as ___ are capable of reducing a patients immunity

Answer 29

steroids

Question 30

Diseases such as AIDS and IDDM may reduce what? increase what?

Answer 30

reduce pt immunity increase chance of infection

Question 31

culturing involves

Answer 31

growing the bacteria

Question 32

sensitivity involves

Answer 32

exposing the organism to test antibiotics and determining whether the organism is sensitive or resistant

Question 33

culture and sensitivity is the only way to be sure a drug will

Answer 33

kill or inhibit the growth of the infecting MO

Question 34

Culture & sensitivity: an antibiotic disk with a zone around it shows

Answer 34

sensitivity

Question 35

how many days are required before the results of the culture and sensitivity test are available

Answer 35

1-2 days

Question 36

Can antibiotic therapy be initiated before the results of the culture/sensitivity test are available

Answer 36

YES

Question 37

Natural or acquired ability of an organism to be immune to or to resist the effects of an antiinfective agent

Answer 37

Resistance

Question 38

Bacterial resistance can occur by the transfer of

Answer 38

DNA genetic material from one organism to another via transduction, transformation, or bacterial conjugation

Question 39

what occurs when an organism has always been resistant to an antimicrobial agent

Answer 39

natural resistance

Question 40

what occurs when an organism that was previously sensitive to an antimicrobial agent develops resistance

Answer 40

acquired resistance

Question 41

an increase in the use of an antibiotic in a given population increases the

Answer 41

proportion of resistant organisms in that population

Question 42

the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another may occur among

Answer 42

very different microorganisms

Question 43

2 categories of the need for antimicrobial agents include

Answer 43

therapeutic and prophylactic

Question 44

Most patients, without immune function deficiencies, in whom drainage can be obtained do not need

Answer 44

antibiotics to manage dental infections

Question 45

what is usually NOT treated with antimicrobials

Answer 45

adult periodontitis