CH8

Question 1

proposed that the body generates its own cycles of activity and inactivity

Answer 1

Curt Richter

Question 2

Some animals generate endogenous _________, internal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly cycle

Example: birds migratory patterns; animals storing food for the winter

Answer 2

circannual rhythms

Question 3

All animals produce endogenous ________, internal mechanisms that operate on an approximately 24-hour cycle

Answer 3

circadian rhythms

Question 4

German meaning “time giver”; refers to the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm

Examples: sunlight, tides, exercise, meals, arousal of any kind, meals, temperature of environment, and so on.

Answer 4

Zeitgeber

Question 5

Refers to the disruption of the circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

Stems from a mismatch of the internal circadian clock and external time

Sleepiness during the day, sleeplessness at night, and impaired concentration

Answer 5

Jet Lag

Question 6

The main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature
Located above the optic chiasm and part of the hypothalamus

Answer 6

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Question 7

comes from a special population of ganglion cells that have their own photopigment called melanopsin

Answer 7

The retinohypothalamic path

Question 8

Two types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm

Answer 8

Period: produce proteins called PER

Timeless: produce proteins called TIM

Question 9

The pineal gland secretes ______, a hormone that increases sleepiness

Answer 9

Melatonin

Question 10

extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady

Person shows little response to stimuli

Answer 10

Coma

Question 11

person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surrounding

Some autonomic arousal to painful stimulus

No purposeful activity/response to speech

Answer 11

Vegetative state

Question 12

one stage higher than a vegetative state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension

Answer 12

Minimally conscious state

Question 13

no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

Answer 13

Brain death:

Question 14

_____ __sleep is when sleep has just begun

The EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, and low voltage waves

Brain activity begins to decline

Answer 14

Stage 1

Question 15

______ sleep is characterized by the presence of:

______: 12- to 14-Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second

______: a sharp wave associated with temporary inhibition of neuronal firing

Answer 15

Stage 2, Sleep Spindles, K-complex

Question 16

______ and _______ together constitute slow wave sleep (SWS) and is characterized by:

EEG recording of slow, large amplitude wave
Slowing of heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity

Highly synchronized neuronal activity

Answer 16

Stage 3, Stage 4

Question 17

describes periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep

Also known as paradoxical sleep: deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways

is predominant later at night

is strongly associated with dreaming, but people also report dreaming in other stages of sleep

Answer 17

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

Question 18

is a part of the midbrain that extends from the medulla to the forebrain and is responsible for arousal

Answer 18

The reticular formation

Question 19

a part of the reticular formation in the midbrain, contributes to cortical arousal

Answer 19

The pontomesencephalon

Question 20

is a small structure in the pons whose axons release norepinephrine to arouse various areas of the cortex and increase wakefulness

Usually dormant while asleep

Answer 20

The locus coeruleus

Question 21

contains neurons that release “histamine” to produce widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain

Antihistamines produce sleepiness

Answer 21

The hypothalamus

Question 22

The lateral and posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus releases _____

is released by cells into the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness and arousal

Answer 22

orexin

Question 23

Cells of the basal forebrain release the inhibitory neurotransmitter _____

Answer 23

GABA

Question 24

A sleep disorder associated with inadequate sleep

Caused by a number of factors, including noise, stress, pain, diet, and medication

Can also be the result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety or other conditions

Dependence on sleeping pills or alcohol and shifts in the circadian rhythms can also result in ______

Answer 24

Insomnia

Question 25

A sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time Consequences: sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems Causes: genetics, hormones, old age, obesity and deterioration of the brain mechanisms that control breathing Effects: cognitive impairment may result

Answer 25

Sleep Apnea

Question 26

A sleep disorder characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness Attacks of sleepiness during the day Gradual or sudden attack of sleepiness Occasional cataplexy: muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions Sleep paralysis: inability to move while falling asleep or waking up Hypnagogic hallucinations: dreamlike experiences Caused by the lack of hypothalamic cells that produce and release orexin

Answer 26

Narcolepsy

Question 27

The repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms while sleeping Legs kick once every 20–30 seconds for periods of minutes to hours Usually occurs during NREM sleep

Answer 27

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

Question 28

Associated with vigorous movement during REM sleep Usually associated with acting out dreams

Answer 28

REM Behavior Disorder

Question 29

______ are experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror Usually occurs in NREM sleep “_______” runs in families, mostly occurs in young children, and occurs mostly in stage 3 or 4 sleep Not associated with dreaming

Answer 29

Night Terrors, Sleepwalking

Question 30

Two biological theories of dreaming include

Answer 30

The activation-synthesis hypothesis The neurocognitive hypothesis

Question 31

Suggests that dreams begin with spontaneous activity in the pons, which activates many parts of the cortex

Answer 31

The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

Question 32

Places less emphasis on the pons, PGO waves, or even REM sleep Similar to the activation synthesis hypothesis in that dreams begin with arousing stimuli that are generated within the brain Suggests that dreams are similar to thinking, just under unusual circumstances

Answer 32

The Neurocognitive Hypothesis