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SCIENCE 9 > CH8 > Flashcards

CH8 Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromatids in one chromosome?

A

2

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2
Q

How many centromeres in one chromosome?

A

1

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3
Q

Name the six phases of the cell cycle in order.

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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5
Q

How many autosomes do humans have?

A

44

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6
Q

What is an autosome?

A

Non-sex chromosome.

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7
Q

If the diploid number of an organism is 10, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in each cell in telophase of mitosis?

A

10

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8
Q

If the diploid number of an organism is 10, how many chromosomes would you expect to find in each cell in telophase II of meiosis?

A

5

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9
Q

What are the two sex chromosomes of a human female?

A

xx

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10
Q

What are the two sex chromosomes of a human male?

A

xy

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11
Q

What’s a karyotype?

A

A picture of all homologous chromosomes all paired up.

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12
Q

Define homologous.

A

Similar in size and genetic content.

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13
Q

Is MITOSIS involved in reproduction?

A

No, meiosis is, because it produces sex cells.

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14
Q

Is mitosis happening right now?

A

Yes, because we are constantly growing, as proven in cell division.

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15
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can become any kind of cell.

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16
Q

In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?

A

Metaphase.

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17
Q

Is prophase the phase that takes the longest?

A

No, interphase is the longest because it is preparing to divide by copying DNA.

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18
Q

When in the cell cycle, does DNA get copied?

A

Yes, during metaphase.

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19
Q

What kind of cells are haploid cells?

A

Sex cells.

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20
Q

What kind of cells are diploid cells?

A

Body/somatic cells.

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21
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle does the nuclear membrane dissapear?

A

Metaphase.

22
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes uncoil and go back to chromatin?

A

Telophase.

23
Q

What are the two types of human gametes?

A

Sperm and egg cells.

24
Q

Cell division occurs __________.

A

Continuously.

25
Q

Cell differentiation occurs __ ________ __________.

A

In embryonic formations.

26
Q

Define duplication.

A

Selection of chromo is repeated.

27
Q

Define deletion.

A

Selection of chromo is deleted.

28
Q

Define inversion.

A

Selection of chromo is inverted/flipped.

29
Q

Define translocation.

A

Two chromos switch places.

30
Q

Define non-disjunction.

A

Extra/missing whole chromo.

31
Q

What are the two causes of mutations?

A
  1. Errors in DNA.

2. Exposure to mutagens (UV light, cigarette smoke, or radiation etc).

32
Q

Are mutations good or bad? Explain.

A

Both.

  1. Good = If a new trait makes survival easier.
  2. Bad = Disease, cancer, or death.
33
Q

What happens if the signals that regulate the cell cycle are ignored?

A

Mutated cells continue to reproduce, along with a large amount of regular cells. This is also known as cancer.

34
Q

Define oogenesis.

A

Meiosis that specifically makes egg cells.

35
Q

Meiosis produces ___ ____, which join in a process called _____________ to produce the fertilized egg called a(an) ______.

A
  1. Sex cells.
  2. Fertilization.
  3. Zygote.
36
Q

Differentiate gene mutation and chromosomal mutation.

A

Chromosomal mutations are larger than gene mutations.

37
Q

What is cell division?

A

The process in which one cell splits and becomes two cells; occurs continuously and is used for growth and repair.

38
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process in which cells become specialized to preform specific tasks; occurs in embryonic formations.

39
Q

Compare and contrast sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

A
  1. Sexual reproduction consists of 2 parents and a random, split DNA.
  2. Asexual reproduction consists of one parent and identical DNA between the parent and the daughter.
40
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The center/meeting point of two chromatids.

41
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Half of a chromosome.

42
Q

Where does cell division occur in?

A

Prokaryotes.

43
Q

Describe interphase.

A

The longest part of the cell cycle, cell prepares to divide by copying DNA.

44
Q

Define mitosis.

A

The end of interphase signals; the beginning of mitosis (cell division).

45
Q

Describe prophase.

A
  1. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

2. Spindle fibers are seen coming from centrioles; they pull chromos around.

46
Q

Describe metaphase.

A
  1. Chromosomes line up in the middle.

2. Nuclear membrane disappears.

47
Q

Describe anaphase.

A
  1. Chromosomes separate.

2. Each chromatid moves to opposite poles.

48
Q

Describe telophase.

A
  1. Chromosomes begin to uncoil and go back to chromatin.

2. Nuclear membrane reforms.

49
Q

Describe cytokinesis.

A

The division of cytoplasm and cell membrane.

50
Q

The chromosome number is ________ during mitosis.

A

Maintained.

SCIENCE 9 (6 decks)

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