Ch.9 Inheritance

Question 1

This is the idea that the hereditary materials contributed by the male and female parents mix in forming the offspring.

Answer 1

Blending hypothesis

Question 2

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Answer 2

Hereditary

Question 3

The scientific study of heredity

Answer 3

Genetics

Question 4

This was stated that inheritable factors like genes retain their individuality generation after generation. That genes are like playing cards- a deck may be shuffled but the cards always retain their original identities.

Answer 4

Mendels theory.

Question 5

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

Answer 5

Character

Question 6

A variant for a character found within a population.

Answer 6

Trait

Question 7

Varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring are identical to the parent.

Answer 7

True breeding

Question 8

The offspring of two different varieties.

Answer 8

Hybrids

Question 9

Cross fertilization or hybridization

Answer 9

Cross

Question 10

P-generation

Answer 10

True breeding parents

Question 11

F1 generation

Answer 11

Hybrid offspring (f is for filial)

Question 12

F2 generation

Answer 12

When a F2 plants set fertilize or fertilize each other their offspring are F2

Question 13

Monohybrid cross

Answer 13

Follows one character

Question 14

Alternative versions of a gene. For each character an organism inherits two of these, one from each parent and it may be identical or different.

Answer 14

Alleles

Question 15

An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene.

Answer 15

Homozygous

Question 16

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene.

Answer 16

Heterozygous

Question 17

Of the two alleles of an inherited differing pair, this is the alleles that determines the organisms appearance.
Written with an uppercase italics letter.

Answer 17

Dominant allele

Question 18

This has no noticeable effect of the organisms appearance. Written with a lower case italic letter.

Answer 18

Recessive allele

Question 19

• A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited characteristic because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes.
• When sperm and egg unite at fertilization each contributes its allele restoring the paired condition in the offspring.
• This applies to all sexually reproducing offspring.

Answer 19

Law of segregation

Question 20

This highlights the four possible combinations of gametes and the resulting four possibly offspring in the F2 generation.

Answer 20

Punnett square

Question 21

This is an organisms physical traits

Answer 21

Phenotype

Question 22

This is an organisms genetic makeup.

Answer 22

Genotype

Question 23

Chromosomes that carry alleles of the same gene.

Answer 23

Homologs

Question 24

Specific locations of a gene along the chromosome.

Answer 24

Gene locus

Question 25

Alleles of a gene reside at the same ____ on homologous chromosomes.

Answer 25

Locus

Question 26

Two homologous chromosomes may bear either ______ alleles at a locus or _____ alleles.

Answer 26

Identical, homozygous | Different, heterozygous

Question 27

A mating of parental varieties differing in two characters.

Answer 27

Dihybrid cross

Question 28

Alleles inherited together as they come from the P generation.

Answer 28

Dependent assortment

Question 29

Genes inherited independently

Answer 29

Independent assortment

Question 30

The inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another.

Answer 30

Mendels law of independent assortment

Question 31

A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

Answer 31

Test cross

Question 32

The segregation of alleles pairs during gamete formation and the reforming of pairs at fertilization obey the rules of what?

Answer 32

Probability

Question 33

A probability scale ranges from ____ to _____.

Answer 33

0-1

Question 34

An event is certain to occur has a probability of ____.

Answer 34

1

Question 35

An event that is certain not to occur has probability of 0.

Answer 35

0

Question 36

A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.

Answer 36

Rule of multiplication.

Question 37

A rule stating that the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of separate probabilities of the different ways.

Answer 37

Rule of addition

Question 38

What is the probability that an offspring from a genotype AaBbCv will be a recessive homozygous for all 3 genes (aabbcc)?

Answer 38

1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4= 1/64

Question 39

This describes the traits of parents and children across generations. A family tree with a families history for a trait.

Answer 39

Pedigree

Question 40

Mendels law and simple logic enable us to deduce the genotypes for nearly every person in the ______.

Answer 40

Pedigree

Question 41

A trait that is ____ does not mean that it is “normal”- or more common than a recessive trait.

Answer 41

Dominant

Question 42

Those traits seen most often in nature- not necessarily specified by dominant alleles.

Answer 42

Wild type traits

Question 43

______ means that a heterozygote (Aa) displays the dominant phenotype.

Answer 43

Dominant

Question 44

The phenotype is seen only in homozygotes (aa). These traits may be more common in the population.

Answer 44

Recessive

Question 45

Refers to a trait that is less common in nature.

Answer 45

Mutant trait

Question 46

Most people who have recessive disorders are born to normal parents who are both ________. They are carriers of the recessive allele for the disorder but are phenotypically normal.

Answer 46

Heterozygotes

Question 47

Using ______ _____ we can predict the fraction of affected offspring likely to result from a mating between two carriers.

Answer 47

Mendels law

Question 48

Genetic disorders

Answer 48

- not evenly distributed across all ethnic groups | - such uneven distribution is the result of prolonged geographic isolation of certain populations

Question 49

Harmless dominant conditions include...

Answer 49

- polydactyly | - webbed fingers

Question 50

Serious dominant disorders...

Answer 50

- achondroplasia- dwarfism | - Huntington’s disease

Question 51

This type of genetic testing is performed in uterine between 14&20 weeks pregnant. A needle is I steered through the abdomen and into the amniotic fluid and 10mL is removed. - cells are karyotyped to detect chromosomal abnormalities.

Answer 51

Amniocentesis

Question 52

Genetic testing that extracts a tiny sample of chronic villus tissue from placenta. - tissue obtained using a narrow flexible tube inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus. - speed is an advantage to amniocentesis

Answer 52

Chrionic villus sampling (CVS)

Question 53

This type of genetic testing measures the mothers blood level of alphafetoprotein (AFP) a protein produced by the fetus.

Answer 53

Blood tests

Question 54

What are the types of fetal imaging?

Answer 54

Ultrasound and fetoscopy

Question 55

This is the type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) and dominant homozygotes (AA and aa) are indistinguishable.

Answer 55

Incomplete Dominance

Question 56

Most genes can be found in populations in more than two versions is called?

Answer 56

Multiple alleles

Question 57

What is an example of multiple alleles?

Answer 57

ABO blood group

Question 58

Describe the ABO blood group.

Answer 58

A phenotype in humans involves three alleles of a single gene with various combinations of 3 alleles.

Question 59

What four phenotypes can be produced from the ABO blood group?

Answer 59

4 | A, B, AB and O

Question 60

What do the letters in blood type refer to?

Answer 60

Refers to two carbohydrates A&B than may be found on the surface of RBCs

Question 61

Why is matching blood types important?

Answer 61

Because if a donors blood cells have a carbohydrate that is foreign to the recipient then the recipients immune system produces antibody proteins.

Question 62

One gene influencing multiple characters is called?

Answer 62

Pleiotropy

Question 63

The additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotype character. The opposite of pleiotropy.

Answer 63

Polygenetic inheritance

Question 64

What are the 4 types of inheritance?

Answer 64

1. Incomplete dominance 2. Codominance 3. Pleiotropy 4. Polygenic inheritance

Question 65

Individual features of any organism arise from a combination of ____ and ____ factors.

Answer 65

Genetic and environmental

Question 66

This theory holds that genes occupy specific loci in chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment hiring meiosis.

Answer 66

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Question 67

It is the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization ray accounts for _______ patterns.

Answer 67

Inheritance

Question 68

Genes on the same _____ tend to be inherited together.

Answer 68

Chromosome

Question 69

The number of ____ in a cell far exceeds the number of chromosomes and there are hundreds of thousands of these on each chromosome.

Answer 69

Gene

Question 70

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. This is called?

Answer 70

Linked genes

Question 71

Why do linked genes tend to be inherited together and not sort independently?

Answer 71

Because they are located close together on the same chromosome.

Question 72

During meiosis _______ ______ between homologous chromosomes produces new combinations of alleles in gametes.

Answer 72

Crossing over

Question 73

Two linked genes can give rise to _____ different gamete genotypes.

Answer 73

Four

Question 74

The percentage of recombinant offspring among the total

Answer 74

Recombination frequency

Question 75

This is a diagram of relative gene locations valuable in establishing the relative positions of many genes in many organisms.

Answer 75

Linkage maps

Question 76

This gene on the Y chromosome plays a crucial role for sex determining region of Y

Answer 76

SRY

Question 77

SRY triggers ____ development and the absence of this _____ develops.

Answer 77

Testis | Ovaries

Question 78

A gene located on either sex chromosome. Because the human X chromosome contains many more genes than Y the majority of sex linked genes are on the X chromosome.

Answer 78

Sex linked gene

Question 79

Human sex linked disorders affect mostly ______.

Answer 79

Makes

Question 80

A number of human conditions result from sex linked recessive alleles located on the ____ chromosome.

Answer 80

X

Question 81

The ____ chromosome can be particularly useful for tracing our evolutionary past because this human chromosome passes essentially intact from father to son.

Answer 81

Y