Challanges at home and abroad, 1569 - 88 Flashcards
(34 cards)
1
Q
The Revolt of the Northern Earls happened in….
A
1569-1570
2
Q
Why did the Northern Earls rebel?
A
- Wanted to make England Catholic again
- Had lost much of their influence in Elizabeth’s court
- Elizabeth’s refusal to name an heir or to marry caused uncertainty.
3
Q
The marriage plan
A
Mary would marry Duke of Norfolk and overthrow Elizabeth - Robert Dudley discovered it which lead to Norfolk’s arrest.
4
Q
Why did the revolt fail? (NE)
A
- Support from Spain never arrived
- Many landowners remained loyal to Elizabeth
5
Q
The revolt’s significance (NE)
A
- Showed that Mary could not be supported
- The pope excommunicated Elizabeth which encouraged further plots
- Elizabeth’s strength over England was strengthened
6
Q
The Ridolfi Plot
A
- Roberto Ridolfi was an italian banker who was also a spy for the pope
- In March 1571 Ridolfi travelled to Netherlands and delivered a letter signed by Norfolk which pledged that he would lead the rebellion with the Popes support
- Sir William Cecil discovered the plot and both Norfolk and Mary were set to be executed
- Yet Elizabeth was reluctant to punish Mary
7
Q
Significance of the Ridolfi Plot
A
- Reinforced the threat from Spain
- Confirmed that English Catholics and Mary remained a threat
- Meant that England needed to improve relations with France
8
Q
The Throckmorton plot 1583
A
- French Duke of Guise planned to overthrow Elizabeth
- Phillip II offered to pay for the revolt and the Pope approved
- Francis Throckmorton would pass letters inbetween
- Failed because Throckmorton was arrested and tortured until he confessed and was tortured.
9
Q
Significance of the Throckmorton plot
A
- Revealed the extent of threat posed by foreign powers, english catholics and Mary
- Up to 11000 catholics were imprisoned because of suspicion
10
Q
The Babington Plot 1586
A
- Anthony Babington , a catholic, wrote to Mary about the conspiracy of a plot
- Francis Walsingham intercepted and Babington and the other plotters were arrested and executed
- Mary was sentenced to death in October 1586 but was later executed in 1587.
11
Q
Significance of the Babington Plot
A
- By 1585, England and Spain were virtually at war
- The persecution of Catholics intensified
- Led to the execution of Mary
12
Q
Walsingham’s Spies
A
- Used ciphers for all correspondence
- Had a network of spies everywhere
- Had spies abroad
- Employed agent provocateurs who would encourage people to who were seen as a threat to involve themselves in the plots.
13
Q
Significance of the execution of Mary
A
- Mary was an anointed monarch
- The execution further angered Spain and gave Phillip II further reason to attack England
- Increased chances of a Civil War
- Removed an important threat to Elizabeth
14
Q
Religious Rivalry between English and Spain
A
- Phillip II saw Protestantism as a threat to the authority of the Catholic Church
- English Protestants saw Catholicism and Spain as a threat
- Phillip II of Spain became involved in Catholic plots
15
Q
Spanish policy in the Netherlands
A
- Netherlands had been Spanish since 1400s but many Dutch became Protestant.
- Spanish Catholics executed many Dutch Protestants in 1568
- The spanish campaign in the Netherlands was seen as a direct threat to England and Protestantism.
16
Q
English response to the Spanish
A
- Allowed Dutch rebel ships safe passage in English ports
- Provided financial support others fighting Spain
- English privateers, like Sir Francis Drake, were encouraged to attack Spanish ships and colonies in Latin America
17
Q
The Spanish Fury and Pacification of Ghent 1576
A
1576 - The Spanish Gov in the Netherlands found the war too costly. This resulted in the Spanish Fury when Spanish troops looted Antwerp. After, all 17 Dutch provinces joined an allience against the Spanish, drawn up in a document called the Pacification of Ghent.
18
Q
Restoring Spanish Influence
A
By late 1584:
- Spanish control on the netherlands had been restored under the Duke of Parma
- Duke of Alencon and William of Orange was dead
- Treaty of Joinville 1584 strengthened relations between Catholic France and Spain
- Dutch Catholics were ready to make peace with Spain
19
Q
England and Spain close to war by 1587
A
- Phillip II blamed English support of the Dutch rebels for making the situation worse
- Phillip II blamed English privateers for attacks on Spanish shipping
- Elizabeths gov blamed Spain for a series of plots
20
Q
Commercial Rivalry
A
- Spain has conquered Spain and Mexico - causin them to have lots of gold and silver
- Spain aslo had control over sugar cane an tobacco
- English sailors like Francis Drake were journeying great distances on trading voyages to different parts of the world.
21
Q
Privateering
A
- In one raid alone in 1572, Sir Francis Drake captured £40,000 in Spanish silver
- Elizabeth encouraged Dutch rebels known as the Sea Beggars, to attack Spanish ships
- By 1580, loss of silver meant the Spanish gov could not pay their soldiers
22
Q
Treaty of Nonsuch 1585
A
- England would pay for an army of 7,400 English soldiers led by Robert Dudley to help the Dutch Rebels
23
Q
The campaign in the Netherlands
A
- Elizabeth still hoped to negotiate with Phillip II
- Some of Dudley’s officers defected to the Spanish side
- Dudley and Elizabeth had different aims in the Netherlands
24
Q
The results of the campaign in the Netherlands
A
- Dudley could not defeat the Spanish forces
- Managed to stop the Spanish from capturing a deep-water port on the English channel.
25
Singeing of the Kings of Spain's Beard
- Since 1586, Spain has been building up their armada
- In March 1587, Elizabeth offered Francis Drake to attack the Spanish navy
- Between 19 and 22 April he attacked Cadiz destroying 30 ships and much of the fleet's supplies
26
Importance of Singeing of the Kings of Spain's Beard
- Spain has to take a break from building their armada
- Caused the armada to be delayed by a year
- Bought England more time to prepare
27
4 Reasons why Phillip launched the Armada
- Religious conflict
- Acts of provocations
- Changing circumstances
- Politics and Diplomacy
28
Elizabeth was excommunicated in...
1570
29
Phillip II's Armada
130 ships and 2431guns
30
Phillip II's Armada
- Ordered the Armada to sail along the English Channel to Netherlands
- From there, the ships would join forces with spanish troops under the Duke of Parma and transport 27000 troops to Kent
- The army would then attack London.
31
Events at the Armada
- 29 July: Armada is spotted in the English Channel
- 31 July: Battle of Plymouth, two Spanish ships caught
- 3-4 August: Battle of the Isle of Wight. Spanish ships are outgunned and forced to move further up towars Calais
- 8 August: Battle of Gravelines. Fireships cause Spanish ships to panic and the fleet never meets with the Duke of Parma and are scattered.
32
Reasons for the English Victory
- The weather: Caused destruction to the Spanish ships
- Communication problems: No communication between Duke of Parma and Duke of Medina Sidonia
- Spanish ships lacked supplies and provisions
- English tactics were superior: The English got close enough to fire on them but far away enough to prevent sailord and soldiers from boarding
- English ships were better armed and equipped
33
Consequences of the English victory for England
- English Navy strengthened
- Elizabeth's authority enhanced
- Foreign policy: stronger alliences in Europe
- Protestant cause stronger in England
34
Consequences of the English victory for Spain
- Military and financial setback
- War continued for the rest of Elizabeth's reign
- Spanish prestige was broken
