Challenge 1 Flashcards by Gabby Valmoria

What are the 4 sources for builiding self-efficacy?

Mastery experience
Vicarious learning
Social/Verbal Persuasion
Physiological Affective States

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How does affect influence efficacy judgements?

Affect influences efficacy judgements by increasing our self-efficacy

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Where should an athlete’s primary source of self-confidence come from?

From themselves

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What can a researcher do to make their measurement of self-efficacy (IV) a stronger predictor of succes (DV)?

Efficacy measure must be consistent with outcome/DV

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What type of behavior was formed when the rats were trained to press the lever many more times than their peers?

Operant learning

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What are the primary principles of Identity Control Theory?

The identities one holds are represented by internalized standards that guide behaviors & shape self-evals (eg. having an “athlete” identity requires that you play, train, & are competent at performing athletic skills)

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How does identity influence motivation?

Individuals are motivated to act in ways that are aligned with their perceived identities

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What is the process of identity development that involves the interaction of the individual’s personal standards & standards set by their environment or others

(Hint: people adopt identities based on meeting the standards they set for themselves but also set by their external environment/people)

self-verification

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How does William James explain where emotions originate and what would he say an individual needs to do to create a desired emotion?

Emotions are a somatovisceral response that arise from body response, peripheral to the brain (eg. heart beating wildly = fear)

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Traditional perspectives on the origin/creation of emotions tend to take a specificity approach (individual emotions have distinct origin and make up). Which process described in lecture best describes when emotions originate from one part of the brain, from a specific hormone or neurotransmitter, and perform one specific action or behavior?

The specificity model

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What are the primary principles of strict behaviorism? How are behaviors learned, reinforced, deterred? What is the source of initiation for behavior: the individual or environment?

There is no free will and that thoughts have no causal role in final actions. Behaviors are reinforced by environment through operant conditioning.

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What type of affect explains the findings of Schwartz and Clore (1983), when they called research participants on sunny days or rainy days and asked them about their mood and satisfaction with life?

Affect as Information Hypothesis - affect has a direct influence on judgements & decisions based on past info

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According to Existential Phenomenology, our perceptions of the world are influenced by historicity. What does that mean? How are our beliefs and perceptions formed?

Historicty: beliefs & perceptions are learned

We are constructed by our world & our perceptions of the world are influenced by our background & experiences

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What are the differences between normal and neurotic anxiety?

Normal anxiety is healthy and is related to human desire to grow and move forward.

Neurotic anxiety is not healthy and is a refusal to acceps responsibility for choices that need to be made
* Unwilling to experience discomfort

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What are the parts of the brain discussed in lecture?

The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, & amygdala

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What are the functions of the prefrontal cortext?

lots of functions

Goal-directed behavior
Concentration
Emotional Control
Personality
Self-regulation
Problem-solving
Stimulus control

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What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

few functions

Emotion
Motivation
Stress response

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What are the functions of the amygdala?

lots of functions

Experience of some emotions
Self-preservation
Stress response
Social processing

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What are the functions of the hippocampus?

New memories

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How do the parts of the brain influence the sympathetic NS and the learning of fear?

damaged parts of the brain in blue square studies

Damaged amygdala - can never develop SCR/physiological response

Damaged hippocampus - will develop SCR but no recollection of relationship between stimuli

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According to the research by Phelps (2006), individuals can develop anticipatory stress response upon seeing a blue square despite never being shocked. Why is that?

You do not have to experience fear to learn fear due to associations.

The thought of being shocked is enough to trigger a physiological & emotional stress response

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Describe the two systes that make up the Dual-Processing Theory. How do they influence behavior?

Type 1 is fast, high capacity, & independent of working memory. It is the default/unconscious system, typically where habits originate

Type 2 is slow, analytical, & is involved in all consious/explicit/intentional judgements. It is the interventionist/conscious system

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According to the Dual-Processing Model, which system should intervene when an individual wants to prevent or change a habit? What psychological skill is needed to know when a habit behavior is being initiated?

System 2 is responsible for overriding the actions done in system 1 (where habits originate from), but habit behaviors are initiated by heuristics (mental shortcuts)

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What is a heuristic?

A mental shortcut that is a method used by system 1 to reduce cognitive effort

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Which decision-making heuristic relies on how the individual feels when making choices?

Affect Heuristics - uses one's affect to answer difficult question

Which heuristic leads to overestimate of probabilities or frequency of the occurence of an event because of how easy it is for the individual to think of an example (eg. ACL tears)?

Availability Heuristic - answers the difficult question with previous memory processes

Describe the process of substitution used to explain why heuristics may lead to errors in judgement or decision-making. What is being substituted when a heuristic is being used?

The process of substitution allows individuals to save energy by substituting the answer to a difficult question with an easier question, not always accurate.

What factors can influence & change core affect?

External stimuli Internal stimuli

According to the Affect-As-Information hypothesis, affect is used as information when forming judgements. Which type of affect influences judgements despite not actually being related to the object of our perception?

Attributions to object, the immediacy principle

What are the different types of affect that influence our perception & judgement?

Incidental - general mood state or affective states elicited by previous events Integral - related to an object of perception

Understand the circumplex model & its dimensions

The circumflex model shows how affect can vary with a circle split four ways. The X-axis represents valece (+ or -) while the Y-axis represents energy/activation. The four quadrants from top-left to bottom-left are anger, excitement, calm, & mopey.

Constructivist theories of emotions contend that humans have formed protoypes of emotional experiences. What are the components parts of a prototypical emotion?

Thoughts, behaviors, & physiological responses

What is one of the key differences between the traditional & constructivist views in regard to action tendencies?

Traditionalists believe that there are action tendencies (actions originate from emotions) while constructivists believe that there are no action tendencies (actions do not originate from emotions)

According to the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, explicit knowledge is paired & stored with implicit knowledge, which means our memories, consist of what types of information?

Both types Implicity - unconscious & occurs through conditioning Explicit = experiences, facts, conscious remembering

Define self-esteem

how valuable a person feels they are

What are the different types of self-esteem proposed by researchers?

Low self-esteem Contingent/Insecure self-esteem Non-Contingent/Secure self-esteem

How do the different types of self-esteem influence an athlete's experience & behavior? | three different types

**Low SE**: Expect failure, avoid challenges, rely on others' opinions, internalize negativity. **Insecure SE:** Fear failure, seek validation but reject criticism, feel shame easily, avoid risks, stress over challenges. **Secure SE:** Confident without validation, handle criticism well, recover from failure quickly, embrace teamwork.

According to Baumeister, which is a greater predictor of success: self-esteem or self-discipline?

Self-discipline

What are theories created & used for? What do they help us do?

Help us predict/explain an outcome or phenomena

What are the main differences between the epistemological views of **postivism** & **post-positivism**?

**Positivism**: only 1 reality/truth that must be measurable & consistent across different times/places **Post-Positivism**: observer & observed are intertwined so no one experiences the world objectively; ***introduced subjectivity & importance of context***

What narrative theme is associated with anger?

A demeaning offense against me and mine

What narrative theme is associated with anxiety?

facing uncertain, existential threats

What narrative theme is associated with fear?

an immediate, concrete, & overwhelming physical danger

What narrative theme is associated with guilt?

having transgressed a moral imperative

What narrative theme is associated with shame?

failing to live up to the ego-ideal

What narrative theme is associated with sadness? | think of grief

having experienced an irrevocable loss

What narrative is associated with envy?

wanting what someone else has & feeling deprived but justified in having it

What narrative theme is associated with jealousy?

resenting a third party for loss or threat to another's affection or favor

What narrative is associated with happiness?

making reasonable progress towards a goal

What narrative theme is associated with pride?

enhancement of ego-identity by taking credit for an achievement (either one's own or that of someone's/a group's)

What narrative theme is associated with relief?

distressing, goal-congruent condition that has changed for the better or gone away

What narrative theme is associated with hope?

fearing the worst but yearning for the better, & believing improvement is possible

What narrative theme is associated with gratitude?

appreciation for an altruistic gift that provides personal benefit

What narrative theme is associated with compassion?

being moved by another's suffering & wanting to help

According to Fredrickson's Broaden & Build theory of positive emotions, positive emotions benefit an athlete by influencing their perceptions & actions. What are the benefits of positive emotions, according to this theory?

Expand working memory Promote environment exploration Promote social interaction/creativity Undue the effects of negative emotions **Increased levels of curiousity & engagement**

What is the ideal ratio of positive to negative experiences, according to Fredrickson?

3:1

What physiological outcome associated with positive effect best explains the benefits of creating positive affect?

reduced unwanted/unnecessary inflammation

What is the relationship between confidence & performance?

Bi-directional, so one variable influences the other & vice-versa

How does stress influence habit behavior?

stress leads to habit performance

What does it mean when variable are correlated?

There is some relationship between them

What does it NOT mean when variables are correlated?

Correlation can never predict causation

When can an individual reliably trust their gut feelings?

In a predictable environment when you've had enough practice to learn the environment's regular patterns

In the Iowa Gambling Task study, participants with damage to the ventromedial pre-frontal cortex learned that the A & B decks were risky but continued to choose from them. Why?

their deicison-making is impaired

Challenge 1 Flashcards

(63 cards)