Challenged

Question 1

How did the Colonies help Britain in World War One?

Answer 1

Sent men to fight

Supplied Britain with raw materials and food

Question 2

Imperial war cabinet

Answer 2

The Presidents of the Dominions and nominated Indian representatives joined the war cabinet (1917)
Symbolised the union of the British Empire in war
Only held two sessions, and the British dominated proceedings

Question 3

Involvement and impact in WW1 - The White Dominions

Answer 3

Mostly keen to help Britain
Sent 1.3 million men to fight
Conscription introduced in New Zealand and Canada during the war (16k and 56.5k died respectively)
413,000 Australians enlisted, 30% of all eligible males (58k died)
ANZACS at Gallipoli (1915)
Canadians at Vimy Ridge (1917)
Canada supplied Britain with munitions and wheat
South Africa - General Smuts led the South African Defence Force against the Germans in its colonies
136,000 South African troops fought in the Middle East and the Western Front
Demonstrated the loyalty of the White Dominions to Britain and Empire
Triggered debate about the long-term future of the Dominions
War not popular in Quebec - seen as a pro-British affair
Boosted confidence of Dominions and strengthened self-worth

Question 4

Involvement and impact in WW1 - India

Answer 4

1.4 million troops volunteered
1/3 of troops in France in the autumn of 1914 either Indian or Britons who had formerly served in India
1917 - Indian government contributed £100 million to Britain’s war effort
Montagu Declaration (August 1917) - Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, promised more responsible self-government, in acknowledgement of India’s contribution and in response to growing support for Indian independence

Question 5

Involvement and impact in WW1 - Africa

Answer 5

1.2 million Egyptians recruited to defend Egypt
100,000 Egyptians fought in Europe, 50% of which were killed
Fewer Black Africans fought, but were recruited to work in France as labourers
Formative in the development of African independent movement - first Pan-African Congress held in France (1919)

Question 6

Mandate system

Answer 6

Developed following World War One
Allowed Britain and France to secure further imperial control
Defined according to a system of categories based on how developed they were
A - Palestine
B - Tanganyika
C - Samoa

Question 7

Sykes-Picot agreement

Answer 7

1916

Secretly divided up the Middle East between France and Britain

Question 8

The Balfour Declaration

Answer 8

1917
Letter from Foreign Secretary to Walter Rothschild declaring support for Zionism
Led to increased Jewish immigration into Palestine (6.9% in 1918 to 17.7% in 1931) (60k to 175k)

Question 9

Colonies lost as a result of World War One

Answer 9

Ireland
Egypt
Iraq

Question 10

Egypt

Answer 10

Declared a British protectorate at the start of the war
Granted independence in 1922
British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in 1936, under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal

Question 11

Iraq

Answer 11

Following 1920 revolt, Churchill (Colonial Secretary) responsible in 1921 to find an Iraqi ruler acceptable to Iraqis and friendly to Britain - Fesial, son of Sherif Hussein,
Ruled as a mandate between 1922 and 1930
Full independence granted in 1932
Britain protected the monarchial rule of the Hashemites
New independent government maintained close economic and military ties with Britain (air bases)

Question 12

Colonial involvement in the Second World War - South East Asia

Answer 12

February 1942- Japan seized Singapore from Britain
Main British military naval base
Brought the largest surrender of British troops in history
Success of Japanese ended myth of ‘white invincibility’, giving confidence to new independence movements

Question 13

New independence movements in South East Asia following World War Two

Answer 13

30,000 Indian troops form the Indian National Army, led by Bose
Fought against the British from 1943 in Burma
Aung San in Burma formed the Burma Independence Army, who also fought against the British

Question 14

Colonial involvement in the Second World War - North Africa

Answer 14

Britain desperate to preserve its influence in Egypt and access to Suez and oil in the Middle East
November 1942 - Germans driven back at the Battle of El Alamein

Question 15

Changes following World War Two

Answer 15

Britain weaker economically
Labour government in power (more sceptical of Empire)
Independence movements had grown stronger

Question 16

Indian legislation in the inter-war years

Answer 16

The Rowlatt Act (1919)
The Government of India Act (1919)
The Simon Commission (1929-30)
The Round Table Conferences (1930-31)
The Government of India Act (1935)

Question 17

The Rowlatt Act

Answer 17

1919
Gave authorities harsh powers to arrest anyone who protested against British rule
Allowed unlimited detention without trial, trial without jury
Counter-productive, producing resistance, viewed as a betrayal
Amritsar massacre (April 1919)

Question 18

Nationalist movements in India during the 1930’s

Answer 18

All India Muslim League
Hindu Congress Movement
British favoured the Muslim League
Suggested that British rule prevented Muslim v Hindu civil war

Question 19

All Indian Muslim League

Answer 19

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Wanted a separate, independent Muslim state (Pakistan)

Question 20

Hindu Congress Movement

Answer 20

Gandhi

Wanted a united Indian state

Question 21

India in the Second World War

Answer 21

Supported the British war effort
British defeats in South-East Asia emboldened the Hindu Congress, which demanded immediate reform
Indian National Army formed
British adopted policy of repression, imprisoning Congress leaders and favouring the Muslim League

Question 22

When did Sir Stafford Cripps promise Indians full dominion status?

Answer 22

March 1942

Sent by Churchill

Question 23

“Quit India” Campaign

Answer 23

August 1942
Led by Gandhi and other Congress leaders
Called for the British to leave India entirely
Gandhi and others arrested and spent the rest of the war in prison
1,000 Indians killed
Nearly 100,000 Indians arrested

Question 24

When did Britain decide to grant India independence?

Answer 24

1945 - Labour government concluded that it was no longer feasible or desirable to keep India

Question 25

Reasons for British granting Indian independence

Answer 25

Feared violent and widespread Indian resistance, which would spread military resources Activities of INA and the strength of pro-independence feeling meant that British could no longer trust the Indian Army India no longer a great market for British cotton exports, so would cost more to hold on to than it would generate in profit

Question 26

Viceroy Mountbatten

Answer 26

1947 - Sent by government to India with instructions to bring about Indian independence before June 1948

Question 27

When was it decided that India be partitioned, and when by?

Answer 27

April - May 1947 | 15th August 1947

Question 28

Effects of partition

Answer 28

Violence between Muslims and Hindus escalated Millions fled their homeland for the security of a country in which their own religion was the majority One million died Demonstrates how British attempts to keep India in the Empire by combination of repression and concession had failed

Question 29

Colonial involvement in the Second World War - Burma

Answer 29

Occupied by the Japanese in the Second World War Anti-Facist Organisation initially supported Japanese against the British, but belatedly accepted in 1944 that an Allied victory would be more likely to secure Burmese independence 1945 - Mountbatten incorporated Burma Independence Army into a new army for the country, and recognised Aung San as a legitimate leader of Burma Independence granted in 1948

Question 30

Effect of the Second World War on Palestine

Answer 30

Holocaust led to more Jews wanting to emigrate to Palestine 1939 White Paper - British limited Jewish immigration to dampen tensions between Jews and Arabs (10k a year for 5 years, with 35k in year one), with subsequent immigration having to be approved by Arabs February 1947 - Britain refer the issue to the UN May 1948 - British withdraw from Palestine

Question 31

Problems for Britain regarding Palestine post-war

Answer 31

America supported the establishment of a Jewish state, forcing Britain to decide between America (economic aid and international support) and its Middle East allies (oil) Violence in Palestine stretched British resources 1937 - Peel Commission (2-state solution)

Question 32

The Government of India Act 1

Answer 32

1919 Viceroy required to report before the Legislative Council, but retained control of defence and foreign affairs Provincial councils run by Indians given responsibility for local government Regarded by the British as a concession to critics of Britain in the Indian National Conference and as a first step towards a system of Dominion self-government

Question 33

Recommendations made by the Simon Commission (1929-30)

Answer 33

Creation of a federal system of government across India, incorporating provinces under British rule and Princely States More power given to the provinces Defence and foreign affairs remain in the hands of a British Viceroy, ensuring overall British control

Question 34

The Round Table Conferences

Answer 34

1930 and 1931 Prompted by opposition from the independence movement in India Gandhi represented the Congress Party at the second No agreement was reached British rejected giving self-governing Dominion status for India because of doubts about: the competence of non-white leaders India's strategic and economic importance to Britain

Question 35

The Government of India Act 2

Answer 35

1935 Created a Federation of India by making the provinces self-governing Expanded the franchise from 7 million to 35 million people Never fully implemented due to Second World War Rejected by Princely States as they wanted to maintain their independence from the rest of India Opposed by the Congress Party because it didn't go far enough, and opposed in Britain for going too far

Question 36

Categories of Britain's African colonies

Answer 36

``` Those ruled 'indirectly' by the British through existing local rulers West Africa Uganda League of Nations mandates (economic initiatives) ``` Those where substantial number of Europeans had settled British ruled directly through their own officials, with some representation for the white settler population Kenya South Africa

Question 37

Initiatives in colonies under 'indirect' British rule

Answer 37

1920 - £3 million in Sudan for the Gezira Cotton Scheme, which built dams and developed irrigation to increase cotton production 1925 - £10 million allocated in East Africa for improving rail and dock facilities Investment in schools and educational facilities in West Africa Limit - Had to be funded by taxes collected locally from African

Question 38

Colonial Development Act

Answer 38

1929 | Earmarked £1 million for development projects across the Empire

Question 39

South Africa

Answer 39

Promise made in 1910, when Dominion status was granted, to protect the right of ethnic minorities eroded White minority had established its control over South Africa's internal affairs by the 1930's The Statute of Westminster (1931) gave the Dominions legislative autonomy, enabling this white dominance to continue

Question 40

Aims of British administration of Palestine

Answer 40

Maintain Palestine's strategic importance as a buffer against potential threats to the Suez Canal Maintain internal stability

Question 41

Issues facing the British in Palestine inter-war

Answer 41

Tensions between Jewish and Arab communities Government in London favoured Jews but authorities in Palestine favoured Arabs Arabs opposed a two-state solution, wanting a unitary Arab state 1939 - Britain publicly express support for a Jewish state in Palestine

Question 42

Statute of Westminster

Answer 42

1931 Recognised that: Dominions should become independent nations Laws passed in Britain could not be enforced in those countries without the permission of their own parliaments The Dominion countries could pass their own laws without the approval of Britain Paved the way for the emergence of the Commonwealth Portrayed by politicians and the media as evidence of the civilised nature of the British Empire Can also be regarded as a way of ensuring British global influence, without the costs of imperial rule

Question 43

Problems relating to imperial defence during the inter-war years

Answer 43

Britain had severe economic difficulties New aggressive regimes in Europe and Asia posed a direct threat to the British Empire Rise of nationalist independence movements made the need for military resources more urgent

Question 44

Economic impact of World War One on Britain

Answer 44

Much of Britain's capital investment overseas wiped out The pound had to be removed from the gold standard Weakened Britain's export industries, as war was prioritised Intensified by the Great Depression

Question 45

Economic impact of World War One on India

Answer 45

India contributed £146 million to the war effort, leading to inflation and shortages during the war Reduced Indian dependency on British exports, allowing Indian manufacturers to capture more of the domestic market Indian industry grew as Britain placed high taxes on Indian imports, 11% in 1917 to 25% in 1931

Question 46

Economic impact of World War One on Canada, Australia and New Zealand

Answer 46

Canada benefitted from the war, emerging as an industrial power Canada looked to America for investment and markets as British manufacturers lost ground Australia and New Zealand exported food to Britain, relying heavily on the British market, so were hit hard by the disruption of trade caused by the war

Question 47

Phases of inter-war trade and commerce

Answer 47

1920's - Britain tried to recreate the economic system that had existed before 1914 (no imperial preference) 1925 - Britain returned to the gold standard in order to stabilise its international trade 1930's - Greater emphasis placed on the importance of Empire for British commerce and imports 1931 - Britain abandoned the gold standard

Question 48

Significance of countries of Empire fixing the value of their currencies to sterling

Answer 48

Reflected their close ties to Britain Gave access to the British market for countries in the Sterling Area Ensured a profitable outlet for British overseas investment Allowed Britain to use the Empire to soften the impact of the Great Depression

Question 49

British exports to Empire in the late 1920's / early 1930's

Answer 49

Exports to Empire, such as cotton, began to fall as competition from other emerging industrial economies (Japan) began to be encountered Imperialists (Lord Beaverbrook) argued for return of 'imperial preference' as world trade shrunk, but was opposed by the Dominions, who wished to protect their own growing industries Compromise reached at the Ottawa Conference (1932)

Question 50

Ottowa Conference

Answer 50

1932 British introduced a general 10% tax on imports, but Crown Colonies were exempted Britain and the Dominions gave each other's exports preferential treatment in their own market Reinforced the important role of Empire in supplying food and raw material to Britain

Question 51

Imperial imports as a percentage of total British imports

Answer 51

1913 - 24.9% | 1934 - 35.3%

Question 52

Value of imperial trade and commerce for the Empire

Answer 52

Australia and New Zealand experienced serious economic problems in the inter-war period Cost of their imports from Britain outstripped the income from their exports to Britain Both countries ran up debts with Britain Imperial preference became especially important for these countries when international trade slumped during the 1930's as a result of the Great Depression African colonies, Burma and Malaya hit hard by the Great Depression, leading to poverty and starvation, which fulled dissatisfaction with colonial rule

Question 53

Impact of World War Two upon British trade

Answer 53

Britain lost 11.7 million tons of shipping, equal to 54% of the country's merchant fleet strength Loss of major colonies in South East Asia to the Japanese from 1942 disrupted trade and cut off supplies of raw materials (e.g rubber from Malaya) Diversion of industrial production to war-time activity meant that less was produced to export, creating trade deficit during the war 1/3 of Britain's overseas assets (investments in businesses) were sold to pay for the war Britain borrowed from the USA from 1941 in the form of Lend-Lease, ended in 1945

Question 54

British post-war loan from America

Answer 54

Negotiated by John Maynard Keynes Approximately £900 million Pound forced to be made freely convertible to dollars by 1947

Question 55

Dual approach to British retention of its colonies post-war

Answer 55

Colonies abandoned where the costs of control outstripped its actual or potential value India / Burma / Palestine Colonial economic development emphasised where colonies were regarded as of economic benefit to Britain e.g Rubber / Tin industry in Malaya

Question 56

Colonial Development and Welfare Acts (Both had the same name)

Answer 56

1940 Formed the foundation for dual approach to British retention of its colonies post-war Wrote of some colonial debts Provided colonial grants or loans of up to £5 million per year 1945 Increased aid available to colonies to £120 million over ten years Required each colony to produce a ten-year development plan showing how it would use such funds

Question 57

Gandhi

Answer 57

Emerged after World War One Began his career campaigning in South Africa between 1893 and 1913 Returned to India to become President of the Indian National Congress in 1915 Began campaigning for full Indian independence following the Amritsar massacre in 1919 Promoted non-violence Opposed partition of India Perceived to be too moderate and idealistic by some

Question 58

Gandhi's campaigns

Answer 58

Non Co-operation Movement (1920) - swaraj (self-rule) 30k arrested, including Gandhi Congress became more working-class and less elitist Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-31 and 1932-34) Quit India Movement (1942)

Question 59

Beliefs of Gandhi

Answer 59

Peaceful resistance to British rule (satyagraha) Harmonious relations between Hindus and Muslims Rejected caste system Wanted an independent India, which would remain agricultural and rural

Question 60

Importance of Gandhi

Answer 60

Moral and political leader | Reconciled western ideas of democracy with the notion of a distinctive Indian culture and national identity

Question 61

Role of colonial administrators during wars and during the inter-war years

Answer 61

Collect taxes | Maintain stability and order in the face of growing nationalist movements

Question 62

When was the Colonial Office split into two, to form the Dominions Office, and why was this significant?

Answer 62

1925 | Meant that three cabinet members were responsible to Parliament for the Commonwealth and Empire

Question 63

Trusteeship

Answer 63

Idea that colonial administration in the less-developed parts of the Empire were there to protect native interests, foster economic growth and nurture it towards greater self-rule

Question 64

Leo Amery White Paper

Answer 64

1927 Colonial Secretary Argued in favour of trusteeship

Question 65

Colonial administrators following World War One

Answer 65

Edwin Montagu - Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, responsible for Government of India Act 1 (1919) Lord Linlithgow - Viceroy of India from 1935 to 1943, longest-serving Viceroy, responsible for Government of India Act 2 (1935) Harry Haig - Appointed to the Viceroy's Executive Council in 1932. Opposed Gandhi, calling him a "menace"

Question 66

Empire Marketing Board

Answer 66

1926 Set up by Leo Amery, Secretary of State for Colonies and Dominions Promoted the consumption in Britain of items produced in the Empire through posters and advertising campaigns Became even more active following the Great Depression as imperial trade became more important to British economy following decline of intentional trade

Question 67

Wembley / Glasgow exhibition

Answer 67

Wembley Exhibition - 1924-25 Government contributed half of £2.2 million total cost Advertised every country of Empire Fun fair and stadium erected Intended to give visitors an experience of the British Empire 'in miniature' Over 17 million attended in 1924 and 9 million in 1925 Glasgow Exhibition - 1938 Attracted 12 million people Offered a chance to boost the Scottish economy after the Depression

Question 68

Other ways in which the empire was promoted

Answer 68

BBC established in 1923 by Lord Reith, taking a strong imperial stance and covering imperial events Focal point of teaching in schools and universities Feature films (The Four Feathers - 1939) Music (Elgar's 'Land of Hope and Glory' - 1924 Empire Exhibition) King's Christmas Day broadcasts had a strong imperial flavour Informal links (relatives living in the empire, former missionaries speaking in churches, relatives serving in the empire in the armed forces)

Question 69

Protest and conflict in Ireland

Answer 69

Home Rule granted before World War One, but suspended until after the war due to sectarianism Sinn Fein organised an unsuccessful Easter Rising (1916) 1919 - Sinn Fein established an Irish assembly in Dublin Sinn Fein declared an Irish Republic, with the Irish Republican Army beginning a guerrilla war against the British (Black and Tans) Conflict ended in 1921 with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which creates the Irish Free State, a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire Opposed by Eamon de Valera because it did not create an Irish Republic and involved splitting the country Southern Ireland gained equality of status in the Statute of Westminster (1931) Eire formed in 1937 as a republic, and separated entirely from Britain in 1948 through the Republic of Ireland Act Showed that British imperialism could be successfully challenged

Question 70

Protest and conflict in India

Answer 70

Anti-British outbursts in Bengal and Punjab Indian diaspora, headed by the Ghadar Party, encouraged uprisings in India (eg. 1915 Ghadar conspiracy ) Protest evoked by the 1919 Government of India Act, which failed to satisfy nationalist demands, leading to the Rowlatt Acts Amritsar massacre (1919) Less violent as a result of Gandhi vs militant Muslim League

Question 71

Amritsar massacre

Answer 71

April 1919 British troops commanded by Reginald Dyer fired on crowd which had gathered to to protest against the arrest of two nationalist leaders, as well as Sikh pilgrims 379 killed Damaged Britain's reputation as a civilising influence

Question 72

Effects of the Amritsar massacre

Answer 72

Indian Congress politicians claimed that the massacre showed that the British no longer possessed any moral authority to rule Galvanised Gandhi's Non Co-operation Movement of 1920-22

Question 73

Protest and conflict in the Middle East

Answer 73

Revolution in Egypt against British in 1919 after Britain exiled nationalist leader, causing widespread civil obedience encompassing all classes of society British military bases attacked 800 Egyptians killed and 1,600 wounded 1922 - Egypt granted independence following 'Milner report', but refused to recognise Egyptian sovereignty and retained troops in the Suez area Haganah and Stern Gang (paramilitary force) protected Jewish interests in Palestine

Question 74

Evidence of attachment between Empire and British institutions between 1914 and 1947

Answer 74

Support during the World Wars Coronation of George VI in 1937 celebrated Empire Day celebrated across the Empire

Question 75

Factions of the Indian nationalism movement

Answer 75

Indian Congress Movement grew in the post-war years in reaction to Britain's failure to offer the Indians a satisfactory constitutional arrangement in 1918 Nehru sought modernisation and industrialisation, whereas Gandhi favoured an agricultural society Bose wanted the INC to adopt a more militant line Jinnah led Muslim League Far from a unified force

Question 76

Development of West African nationalism

Answer 76

1919 - National Congress of West Africa Dominated by educated elite and middle class Demanded greater representation, but initially ignored 1925 - West African Student's Union founded Azikiwe and Nkrumah from the Gold Coast, would emerge as significant post-war nationalist figures 1945 - Pan African Congress convened in Manchester, calling for the 'autonomy and independence' of black Africa

Question 77

Development of East African nationalism

Answer 77

Developed by Harry Thuku Formed Young Kikuyu (1920), the East African Association (1921) and the Kenya African Union (1946) 1947 - Jomo Kenyatta became President of the KAU

Question 78

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Answer 78

1936 Agreed that British troops would withdraw from Egypt but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal Allowed: the presence of 10,000 British troops in the Suez Canal Zone Unlimited numbers of British troops in Egypt in an emergency

Question 79

Positive effects of imperial preference for Britain

Answer 79

Increased British trade with Empire / Commonwealth 1935-39 - 40% of imports came from Empire, 49% of exports went to Empire Trade agreements increased imperial cohesion

Question 80

Negative effects of imperial preference for Britain

Answer 80

Dependency on imperial markets made British industry less competitive in the rest of the world Britain paid more than it needed to for food and raw materials

Question 81

State of British economy following the Second World War

Answer 81

``` Exports = £350 million Imports = £2,000 million Debt = £3,500 ```

Question 82

Lucknow Pact

Answer 82

December 1916 Agreement between the Hindu Congress and the Muslim League Cohesive demands to demand Indian autonomy

Question 83

Gandhi's Salt March

Answer 83

``` Part of Gandhi's Civil Disobedience Movement March-April 1930 (24 days) 400km from Sabamati to Dandi beach Excluded women and all but two Muslims 80 marchers ```

Question 84

Halibut treaty

Answer 84

1923 Signed between the United States and Canada Set a precedent that dominions were no longer see as subordinates, but as equals, as they could negotiate on an international stag on their own

Question 85

Devonshire Declaration

Answer 85

1923 | Stated Britain's determination to protect the rights of native Africans versus the wishes of white colonists (Kenya)