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Development Flashcards

1
Q

What caused Britain’s ‘Swing to the East’

A

The loss of Britain’s American colonies

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2
Q

What allowed Britain to establish footholds in Africa and Asia?

A

The industrial revolution of the 19th century, producing weapons and steamships

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3
Q

Reasons for British expansion in Africa

A

Trade
Strategic factors
Moral factors

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4
Q

Trade leading to British expansion in Africa

A

Coal, iron and timber
Britain sought African resources which they could manufacture and then sell back to Africa - eg. during economic depression 1873-1896
Led to a growth in the personal influence of British merchants in Africa - Goldie / Rhodes

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5
Q

Example of strategic factors leading to British expansion in Africa

A

Suez Canal

Gave Britain control over trade routes (6,000 miles shorter than the Cape)

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6
Q

Moral factors leading to British expansion in Africa

A

Christian missionaries saw it as their duty to spread their faith
Saw Empire as a force for ‘civilisation’
e.g David Livingstone 1858 - ‘to try and make an open path for commerce and Christianity’

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7
Q

Period when Britain was more reactive to the initiatives of other powers, particularly France, than aggressively seeking out new lands for their own sake

A

1857-1890

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8
Q

Functions of chartered companies

A

Implemented British claims over land

Ensured that other Europeans were excluded from lucrative British bases

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9
Q

Three chartered companies

A

Royal Niger Company (1886)
British East Africa Company (1888)
British South Africa Company (1889
Supported by the Imperial Federation League

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10
Q

What initiated British interest in Egypt c.1861?

A

British mills starved of raw cotton as a result of the American Civil War, so looked to Egypt

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11
Q

How much of Egyptian imports were coming from Britain by the 1870s?

A

40%

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12
Q

Khedive’s modernisation programme

A

Transport
Education
Suez Canal

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13
Q

When did Disraeli buy the Khedive’s shares in the Suez Canal, and for how much?

A

1875

£4 million

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14
Q

Factors leading to growth in Egyptian nationalism

A

Taxes imposed on food and goods
Army reduced by 2/3
Increased unemployment

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15
Q

Leader of nationalist rebellion in Egypt

A

Colonel Arabi Pasha

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16
Q

June 1882

A

Alexandria

50 Europeans killed

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17
Q

British defeat of Egyptians

A

Tel el-Kebir (September 1882)

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18
Q

When was Baring installed as Consul-General in Egypt?

A

September 1883

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19
Q

Egyptian concession following defeat of Arabi Pasha

A

Employed British military personnel to supervise army

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20
Q

1885 Convention of London

A

Confirmed British influence over Egypt
Secured an international loan for the Egyptian government
‘veiled protectorate’

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21
Q

Colonel Charles Gordon sent from Britain to the Sudan to act as Governor-General

A

1877-1880

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22
Q

Sudanese nationalist leader

A

Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi)

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23
Q

Role of the Mahdi

A

Transformed the nationalist political movement into a jihadist army
1882 - Had taken complete control over the area surrounding Khartoum
1883 - Killed Colonel Hicks
1885 - Killed General Gordon

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24
Q

When did the East India Company dissolve and hand the running and control of India over to the British government

A

1858, following the Indian Mutiny

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25
The Government of India Act
1858 Dissolved the East India Company and transferred control to the Queen Created the position of Secretary of State for India Created the India Council to assist the Secretary of State Viceroy appointed Indian Civil Service placed under the control of the Secretary of State
26
Queen Victoria made Empress of India
1 January 1877
27
Defence reforms following the Indian Mutiny
Proportion of British to Indian troops raised to 1:2 Army of 70,000 Britons and 125,000 Indians by the late 1880's (Fewer than 40k Brits prior to the Mutiny) Indians troops trained and stationed in their own districts and cut off from one another to prevent any sense of unity Disbanded 62/74 Bengali regiments
28
Challenges to British imperialism from other European powers
1871 - Germany united into a single country France transformed its armed forces 1884 - Russian empire bordered Afghanistan
29
The Brussels Conference
1876 Hosted by King Leopold of Belgium Concluded that: Africans were incapable of developing the natural resources, so European intervention was necessary The routes to Africa's great lakes needed to be developed by building roads / railways An International African Association should be established to coordinate the European's efforts Had the reverse effect, heightening competition
30
European countries hiring explorers
International African Association (Belgium) - Henry Morton Stanley France - Pierre de Brazza Germany - Gustav Nachtigal
31
The Berlin Conference
1884-85 Hosted by Otto van Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany Concluded that: All nations should be permitted to trade in the basin of the Congo European nations should protect indigenous people and suppress the slave trade, as well as protecting European religious, scientific or charitable undertakings Established the principle of 'effective occupation'
32
Evidence demonstrating significance of the Berlin Conference
1884 - 80% of Africa under local control | 1900 - 10% of Africa under local control
33
Britain's informal Empire
Places where Britain had no legal claim, but were influenced by British power British public capital in Latin America was £80 million by 1865 Issac Newell opened a school in Rosario in 1884, Newell's Old Boys founded in 1903 Latin America accounted for 10% of British exports and imports between 1850 - 1900
34
British trade 1850 - 1875
20% of Britain's imports came from its colonies | The Empire provided a market for 33% of British exports
35
British technology ensuring that the Empire had an adequate infrastructure to facilitate trade and maximise profits
Efficient cargo ships built - clipper ships Ports and harbours extended and developed to reduce delays Railways systems developed to make internal transport faster and more cost-effective
36
Agriculture
Wool in white dominions Sugar, coffee and cocoa in the tropical colonies Tea in India Workers paid low wages
37
Mining
Gold along the Gold Coast Diamonds in Sierra Leone Gold in South Africa - 30k miners travelled from Britain to South Africa following discovery in 1886, encouraging British ambition in the area
38
Industry
Limited development on industry in the colonies, due to small internal markets and competing external markets
39
Advantages of British trade for the people of Empire
Undeveloped areas propelled to modernise, thanks to British capital and technology
40
Disadvantages of British trade for the people of Empire
Independent economic development curbed by the way that the British controlled and exploited their economies.
41
David Livingstone (explorer)
Missionary doctor in South Africa from 1841 Lectured at Cambridge, where he recounted his travels (1856-57) Returned to Africa in 1858 to explore the Zambezi River as Consul for the East Coast of Africa Wrote 2000 letters which thrilled the public imagination Disappeared then rediscovered by Henry Stanley in 1871
42
Cecil Rhodes (trader)
Owned all of South Africa's diamond mines (90% of world's total) Rhode's British South Africa Company (1888) controlled a large area of land in the interior of Africa (Rhodesia) Framed his imperial ambitions in moral terms
43
George Goldie (trader)
Formed the United African Company (1879) after persuading all British trading firms on the Niger River to join forces Controlled 30 trading posts Exported palm oil then palm kernels Secured over 450 local treaty arrangements, which gained territory and power in exchange for offering tribes protection and compensation Chartered as the Royal Niger Company in 1886 Knighted in 1887
44
Evelyn Baring (colonial administrator)
India - 1872-1876 Egypt (1877 then 1882) Approved the Dufferin Report (1883) that established Egypt as a veiled protectorate
45
Crystal Palace speech
1872 Disraeli Distinguished the Conservatives as the Party of Empire
46
Evidence of Conservative's imperialist stance
``` Buying Suez Canal shares (1875) Royal Titles Act (1876) Annexation of the Transvaal (April 1877) Invasion of Afghanistan to protect India (November 1878) Launching Zulu War (January 1879) ```
47
Evidence of the Liberals lack of support for Empire
Declined to commit more troops following British defeat at the Battle of Majuba Hill v Boers (1881) Urged the withdrawal of troops during the Mahdist rebellion in Sudan (1884) - 'The Sudanese are rightly struggling to be free' Introduced a Home Rule Bill for Ireland (1886)
48
Factors behind increasing prominence of Empire in public life
Reporting of the popular press The Education Act of 1870 increased literacy rates 1867/1884 Reform Acts made the public more politically aware - doubled the franchise by reducing property qualifications
49
Imperialism in British popular culture
Literature - King Solomon's Mines (Haggard - 1885) Youth organisations - The Boys' Brigade (1883) Press engaged public with imperial reporting (Cawnpore + Major-General Henry Havelock, who recaptured Cawnpore and Lucknow - September 1857)
50
Imperial exhibitions
1862 International Exhibition 1867 Nubian Village at Alexandra Palace 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition
51
1862 International Exhibition
28,000 exhibitors from 36 countries | 7000 exhibits from India alone
52
Factors causing the Indian Mutiny
Grievances about pay and service Cartridges in the new Enfield rifles had been greased in animal fat Anger felt by landlords and nobles who had been deprived of their lands by Governor-General Dalhousie
53
When was the start of the Indian Mutiny
February 1857
54
Where did the Indian Mutiny start?
Bengal
55
Events of the Indian Mutiny
Sepoys turn on British officers and mob set upon local Europeans at Meerut, outside Delhi Sepoys seize control in most of the northern cities Siege of Lucknow - Evacuation successful Siege of Cawnpore - 900 killed by Nana Sahib's forces (June) Attempt to resurrect the old Mughal Emperor as a figurehead
56
When was British rule finally reasserted following the Indian Mutiny
June 1858, following a final battle at Gwalior, 180 miles south of Delhi
57
Impact of the Indian Mutiny on government and society
Canning's Reforms 1859-1861 Some land and titles returned to native Indians Star of India medals introduced Positions in the civil service shared amongst the Indian nobility 1883 - Ilbert Bill allows Britons to be tried by Indian judges 1884 - Amendment made following resistance which ensured that a jury had to be 50% European if there was an Indian judge
58
Impact of the Indian Mutiny on education
Universities established in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta (1857) 60,000 Indians entered university between 1857-1887 Fed the Indian civil service Mary Carpenter helped establish girls schools in Bombay and helped train Indian teachers
59
Impact of the Indian Mutiny on the economy
Greater investment into railways (432 miles in 1857 to 5000 miles in 1869) Helped stimulate trade despite being built for strategic not economic purposes Factories built Tea plantations increased from 1 in 1851 to 295 in 1871
60
British annexations in southern Africa, after claiming the indigenous Africans were seeking British protection against the Boers
``` Basutoland (1858) West Griqualand (1871) East Griqualand (1873) ```
61
Boer response to British proposal of a federation of territories in 1875
Rejected
62
Boer declaration of total independence from Britain
1880
63
First Boer War dates
1880-1881
64
Boer defeat of Britain in the First Boer War
February 1881 Battle of Majuba Hill 150 Britons killed
65
Convention of Pretoria
August 1881 Ended the First Boer War Recognised Boer self-government in the Transvaal
66
Indian National Congress
Formed 1885 Discussed public affairs Initially not threatening as only represented the 700,000 anglo-literate Indians Offered a forum to debate and criticise British rule Demanded greater Indian representation in government 1895 - "hoped to follow self-government" - radical
67
British response to French activity in Indo-China (1860's)
``` Annex territory in Malaya - 1874 Borneo - 1881 Brunei - 1885 Burma - 1885 Thailand acted as a buffer ```
68
Siege of Lucknow
3000 British troops and families endure a 5 month long siege by mutineers
69
Siege of Cawnpore
Oudh 400 British surrendered to mutineers, and offered a passage to safety on boats Killed
70
British reprisals following the Indian Mutiny
Deliberately designed to striker for into peasants to prevent another mutiny Mughal Emperor's sons killed Entire villages suspected of mutinous behaviour killed Cawnpore - Mutineers forced to lick the buildings clean, then made to eat pork/beef Mutineers loaded into cannons
71
British mini-wars in South Africa
Xhosa War - 1877-78 Boers v Pedi tribe (Less successful than Brits v Xhosa) April 1877 - Britain annexes Transvaal, claiming need to defend white settlers against Pedi and Zulu (Sir Theophilus Shepstone) Zulu War - 1879 (Battle of Rourke's Drift - 140 Brits defend medical base v 4000 Zulu) Followed by the First Boer War
72
British annexation of Bechuanaland
1885 | To prevent the combining of German and Boer colonies
73
William Mackinnon
1856 - Calcutta and Burma Steam Navigation Company Traded through the Indian Ocean, Burma and the Persian Gulf Imperial British East Africa Company - chartered in 1888 1891 - Free Church of Scotland East African Scottish Mission (Kenya)

The British Empire (5 decks)

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