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Italy - failures 1830-49 > Challenges to the restored order 1830-47 > Flashcards

Challenges to the restored order 1830-47 Flashcards

1
Q

In 1830, which territory was ruled by the house of Savoy?

A

Piedmont-Sardinia

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2
Q

In 1830, which territory was directly ruled by Austria?

A

Lombardy-Venetia

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3
Q

In 1830, which territories were satellites of Austria?

A

Central Duchies:

  • Parma
  • Modena
  • Tuscany
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4
Q

In 1830, which state was ruled by the Pope?

A

Papal States

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5
Q

In 1830, which state was ruled by the Bourbons?

A

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

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6
Q

In 1830, which northern states had peasant land ownership?

A
  • Piedmont

- Lombardy

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7
Q

In 1830, which problems faced the south?

A
  • inferior soils
  • malaria
  • absentee landlords
  • mass unemployment
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8
Q

Which was the wealthiest Italian province?

A

Lombardy-Venetia

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9
Q

Which states suffered from strict censorship

A
  • Lombardy-Venetia
  • Papal States
  • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
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10
Q

What other problems existed in Lombardy-Venetia?

A

heavy taxation and conscription

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11
Q

The Catholic Church was influential in which other states?

A
  • Piedmont-Sardinia

- Modena

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12
Q

Which state was protected by Austrian troops?

A

Papal States

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13
Q

Which social factors heavily prevented unification?

A
  • illiteracy
  • political apathy
  • parochialism
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14
Q

How did Jesuits restrict unification?

A
  • enforced church rules

- attacked those who challenged the church

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15
Q

Why did the 90% Catholic adherence in Italy potentially restrict unification?

A

the church was opposed to change

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16
Q

What did ‘nationalists’ believe?

A
  • people of the same race, culture, language and traditions should be united together - freedom
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17
Q

What did ‘liberals’ believe?

A
  • people should have a say in a representative assembly elected by property owners
  • opposed violence
  • constitutional monarchy
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18
Q

What did ‘radicals’ believe?

A
  • were extreme and wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth
  • used violence
  • all men should elect parliament
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19
Q

How did Austria view political groups?

A
  • believed they could threaten the unity of Austria
  • fierce opposition under Metternich
  • divided peninsula easy beneficial for Austrian dominance
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20
Q

How many members of the Carbonari?

A

60,000 in Naples (5% of male adults)

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21
Q

What were the aims of the Carbonari?

A

constitutions, more rights from monarchs

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22
Q

What were the aims of the Spillo Negro?

A
  • anti-Austrian

- anti-Papal repression

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23
Q

What were the aims of the Federati?

A
  • constitutional government
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24
Q

How was the Federati different to the Carbonari?

A

more moderate, but no less anti-Austrian

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25
What were the strengths of the secret societies?
- large memberships (Carbonari) - similar causes - nobility leadership (Federati) resulted in influence
26
What were the weaknesses of the secret societies?
- refused to cooperate - not secret - excluded peasants
27
What caused the 1830-32 revolutions?
Appointment of liberal Louis-Philippe in France increased hope for Italian revolutionaries
28
Why did Francis IV have Enrico Misley arrested?
revealed plans for united Italy, free from Austrian control
29
What happened while Francis IV was seeking re-assurances from Vienna?
Modena was taken over by revolutionaries
30
Why did Duchess Marie-Louise of Parma flee?
students demanded a constitution (inspired by Modena)
31
How were Francis and Marie-Louise able to return?
the Austrian army (headed by Francis) defeated the revolutionary government within a month
32
In Modena and Parma, how were the revolutionaries treated?
imprisoned, exiled or executed
33
What provisional government was formed in Bologna, Papal States in 1831?
Government of the Italian Provinces
34
What did the Papal provisional government promise?
- elected assembly | - reformed financial and legal systems
35
How was the Papal provisional government crushed?
also violently suppressed by the Austrian army
36
Was France actually interested in helping the revolutionaries?
no
37
How did the revolutionaries hinder the success of the revolutions?
- revolutions were local affairs, not national - no cooperation between states - overreliance on small secret societies - too moderate - divided aims
38
What social characteristic of the revolutionaries hindered success?
mainly middle class
39
How did literature influence the Risorgimento?
- John of Procida (Niccolini): portrayed foreign nationals (Austrians) as wicked oppressors
40
How did music influence the Risorgimento?
'Nabucco' (Verdi): anti-Austrian message delivered through stories from other countries
41
How did journals influence the Risorgimento?
Lombardy: 'Bibliotheca Italiana' encouraged use of Italian
42
Out of 27 million people in Italy, how many spoke Italian?
630,000 (2.7%)
43
Why was forming a national identity by the 1840s difficult?
huge social divides
44
What was of particular importance for most Italians, as opposed to constitutional change?
daily survival
45
What else hindered social unity?
- diverse languages - illiteracy - communication barriers
46
Although there was support for getting rid of Austria, what problem was there for this?
differences in approach
47
What did the Reformisti believe?
Italy would only flourish after freedom from Austrian control
48
What economic ideas did the Reformisti have?
- improved education | - banks and common monetary system
49
What were seen as examples of Italian growth?
cheese and wine industries: - Gorgonzola - Chianti
50
What political ideas did the Reformisti have?
- opposed Mazzini | - favoured Italian federation
51
Why was farming an issue by 1840?
- inefficient | - vulnerable to foreign competition
52
Why did peasants take part in riots between 1820-40?
- poor harvests | - increased food prices
53
How were urban areas negatively affected?
- overcrowding | - poor housing
54
Where did most economic development take place?
North
55
What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?
24
56
Why were the nationalists divided?
- Monarchy vs Republic | - Violent vs Moderate
57
Who led the Adelfi? what were its aims?
Filippo Buonarroti | - Anti-Austrian
58
What were the aims of Young Italy?
Republican, full unification
59
What failures did Young Italy have?
1833 - Piedmont 1834 - Genoa 1844 - Bandiero brothers executed (attempt on Calabria)
60
What were the aims of the 1830-32 revolutions?
constitutions
61
What congress discussed ideas in Italian?
The Congress of Science (1839-47)
62
Who benefitted from sales of land in the 1830s and 40s? how much was sold by 1860s?
- nobility | - 1/4
63
Across Italy, how many died from malaria per year?
330,000
64
What did landowners demand from tenants?
high rents, high interest
65
Why was industry limited?
- lack of coal - Appenines (barrier to transport) - Austrian red tape (Lombardy)
66
How many industrial workers were there?
- 114,000 (Piedmont) - 70,000 (Lombardy, Silk) - 32,000 (Lombardy, Wool)
67
What illustrates the North-South divide in terms of growth?
North: 0.5% GDP increase per year South: lack of capital, entrepreneurs, skilled workers
68
How did population growth increase food shortages?
1800: 17.8 million 1850: 24 million
69
The Macchiaioli artistic movement was based on the Risorgimento. Who did it include? What did the art depict?
- Fattori, Lega | - great battles and leaders

Italy - failures 1830-49 (2 decks)

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