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Italy - failures 1830-49 > Revolutions of 1848-49 > Flashcards

Revolutions of 1848-49 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Compared to other Italian states, the liberalism of which state influenced the revolution?

A

Piedmont

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2
Q

Pius IX’s reforms received support from which King?

A

Charles Albert (he joined customs union)

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3
Q

What forced Charles Albert to introduce the ‘Statuto’ in 1847?

A

demonstrations in Turin and Genoa demanding a constitution

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4
Q

What consequence did the Statuto have?

A

the aims of the Carbonari were achieved - more confidence to resist restored rulers and Austria

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5
Q

When was Pius IX elected? why?

A

1846, his moderate stance

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6
Q

What was one of the first acts by Pius IX?

A

2000 political prisoners released

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7
Q

What other changes did Pius IX introduce?

A
  • reformed law and education

- introduced an elected ‘consulta’ to advise him

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8
Q

How did Pius IX promote free trade?

A

entered a customs union with Piedmont and Tuscany

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9
Q

What consequence did Pius IX’s reforms have?

A

inspired change in other states

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10
Q

What proportion of the population worked the land (farming)?

A

90%

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11
Q

What long held rights did the peasantry lose?

A

use of communal land

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12
Q

What was a consequence of over production for industrial workers?

A

lay offs

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13
Q

What were the cause of urban riots in 1846?

A

harvest failures (caused maize and wheat shortages)

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14
Q

What problems did agriculture have?

A
  • inefficient

- vulnerable to foreign competition

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15
Q

What urban problems existed in cities, such as Milan?

A
  • overcrowding

- poor housing

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16
Q

What was the life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?

A

24

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17
Q

The Sicilians blamed their Neapolitan rulers for what?

A

In 1836, a cholera outbreak killed 65,000 people

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18
Q

How did taxation cause resentment in Lombardy-Venetia?

A

It was high. 1/3 of Austrian tax revenue originated here.

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19
Q

What caused tension between Austria and the Papal States in July 1847?

A

1815 Treaty of Vienna permitted Austria to occupy Ferrarra

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20
Q

What did Pius IX do in January 1848 do in relation to the Austrians?

A
  • banned them from crossing the Papal States

- asked the lord to bless “Italia”

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21
Q

Why is Austria’s tension with Pius IX important?

A

Austria is Catholic

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22
Q

What was the Papal allocution?

A
  • Unwilling to support any national cause or war against Austria.
  • Charles Albert is the aggressor.
  • Papacy uninterested in leading Italy.
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23
Q

Which conservative did Pius IX appoint as Prime Minister?

A

Count Rossi

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24
Q

When was Count Rossi assassinated?

A

15th November

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25
When and where does Pius IX go into exile?
November 26th, Gaeta (Naples)
26
Who establishes a provisional government?
Giuseppe Galletti
27
What were their initial reforms?
- tax reform - public works - setting up the 'Costituente'
28
Who made up majority in the Costituente?
radical middle class
29
What did the Costituente initially do?
abolish Pope's power, set up Roman Republic
30
Who were in the 'Triumvirate'
Mazzini, Armellini and Saffi
31
What were Mazzini's reforms in Rome?
- slums cleared - church control of the press and education ended - death penalty abolished - constitution promised
32
What did Garibaldi promise to the Costituente, shortly before their defeat?
"hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death"
33
how many follow Garibaldi to exile in San Marino
400
34
Where was Mazzini exiled?
London
35
What causes notices threatening to start a revolution in Sicily on January 9th 1848?
- repression by Ferdinand II | - cholera outbreak
36
What was the result of the Sicilian uprising in Sicily on the 12th January?
Palermo is taken over with support from peasants
37
What did the Sicilian uprising result in on January 17th?
spread to Neapolitan mainland: - launched by secret societies - Bourbon officials killed - 1820 constitution demanded
38
On January 27th, what forced Ferdinand to appoint a more liberal ministry?
massive demonstrations in Naples
39
What concession did Ferdinand grant in February?
A constitution, albeit conservative
40
What forces the resignation of Metternich in March 1848?
outbreak of revolution in Vienna
41
What takes place in Lombardy in March?
Five Glorious Days of Milan
42
What takes place on the Five Glorious Days?
- 10,000 people present petition for reforms | - conflict between anti-Austrian forces and Austrian troops
43
What was the consequence of the Five Glorious Days?
Radetsky withdraws forces to quadrilateral
44
When was a provisional government established in Sicily?
April 1848
45
When was the Papal Allocution introduced?
April 1848
46
What actions do the Sicilian provisional government take in the same month?
- parliament elected - independence declared - Ferdinand no longer king
47
A moderate ministry is established. What does King Ferdinand agree to in Naples in May?
- two chamber parliament with limited powers | - sends force of 17,000 to fight Austria
48
In May, how many French troops have amassed on the Piedmontese border?
30,000
49
Which did Charles Albert refuse to do in May?
accept recruits who don't swear loyalty to Piedmont
50
Where is Charles Albert crushed on July 24th?
Custozza
51
When are the Piedmontese finally expelled from Lombardy?
August 1848
52
When is the Armistice of Salasco signed?
11th August
53
Which state adopts a more democratic government in October 1848?
Tuscany
54
What forced Leopold II of Tuscany to flee?
increasingly radical atmosphere
55
Where is Piedmont finally crushed? what consequence does this have?
- Novara (23rd March) | - Charles Albert abdicates
56
When does Ferdinand abolish the Neapolitan parliament?
March 1849
57
When was the Sicilian provisional government crushed?
March 1849
58
When does Leopold return to Tuscany?
April 1849
59
When was autocracy re-established by Ferdinand?
May 1849
60
When did the Republic of Venice (led by Manin) surrender? why?
August | - hunger, cholera
61
What else contributed to the 5 days of Milan?
- Austrian monopoly over tobacco gambling (5 million lire per annum), boycotted - Austrian soldiers retaliated by smoking ostentatiously - riots led to martial law imposed (25th February)
62
Why did Radetsky withdraw to the quadrilateral after Milan?
revolt spread to countryside
63
When was the Venetian Republic formed?
22nd March
64
What contributed to the Venetian Republic?
- Austrian fleet manned by Italians | - Italians also in control of the Venice arsenal
65
Why did the Triumvirate issue their constitution too late?
- By June 1848, 20,000 French troops amassed outside Rome | - entered Rome a few weeks later
66
How long was Garibaldi able to hold off the French in Rome?
2 months
67
When did Mazzini flee Rome?
5th July 1849
68
Why did Napoleon send an army to Rome?
to maintain French Catholic support
69
Who commanded the French army invading Rome?
General Oudinot
70
Why else did the Roman Republic fail?
- loss of Piedmont (defeated) as a potential ally | - many Catholics would not go against "God's representative on Earth" or suffer spiritual damage
71
When did Piedmont defeat Austria at Goito and Peschiera?
May 1848
72
How many of Garibaldi's troops were killed by Austrian bullets, disease and hunger?
3,500
73
How did King Ferdinand of Naples seize Messina in September 1848?
- sent a force of 20,000 | - 3 day intensive bombardment ("King Bomba")
74
What other problem did the Piedmontese army have?
big divisions, lack of trust
75
What encouraged Pius IX to introduce more reforms?
"O Sommo Pio"
76
What else did the Statuto do?
gave civil rights for radicals and reformers to stand on?
77
Who took part in the '5 Glorious Days' on Milan?
- 100 Priests | - Middle class
78
Why was Garibaldi refused permission to serve Charles Albert in the war?
- too radical | - king distrusted him

Italy - failures 1830-49 (2 decks)

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