changes

Question 1

Physiological hypertorphy

Answer 1

Uterus during pregnancy–>SM cells get largers (but note these cells can also divide)
Skeletal muscle–>by over working

Question 2

Causes of hypertrophy (3)

Answer 2

Mechanical stimulus - cardiac and skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Growth factor stimulation - endocrine stimulation at puberty - not a good example

increased functional demad - unilateral nephrectormy –>take out one, other one grows–glomeruli get huge

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

increase in size of cells leading to an increase in size of tissue

Question 4

Pathological hypertrophy

Answer 4

heart because of hypertension–>short term this is good to pump against a pressure gradient but in the long term that’s a problem

Question 5

In Myocardial hypertrophy the size

Answer 5

increases

Question 6

What happens to ANF in myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 6

it is normally not expressed but gets expressed to decrease cell volume, lowering load and lowering pressure

Question 7

Proteins expressed in Myocardial hypertrophy (6)

Answer 7

c-fos, jun, EGRF, fetal contractile proteins (beta myosin-more energy efficient but dec atpase activity), growth factors (TGF -beta, IGF -1)

Question 8

What is the end result of myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 8

degeneration

Question 9

Causes of hyperplasia

Answer 9

viral incuduced - warts
growth factor stimulation - endocrine or stress- induced
ex. endometrial proliferation with each menstral cycle
callus formation
erythroid hyperplasia under chronic hypoxic conditions

Question 10

The hearts of well trained athletes have vs myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 10

good ability to dialate and increase stroke volume vs only an increase in heart rate

Question 11

Hyperplasia

Answer 11

inc in no. of cells resulting in inc size

Question 12

Mechanisms of atrophy

Answer 12

inc catabolism
inc ubiquitin proteosome pathway
inc lysosomal degredation

Question 13

Physiological hyperplasia

Answer 13

lactating breast

Question 14

causes of metaplasia

Answer 14

chronic irritation - squamous metaplasia in respiratory tract in response to tobacco smoke
chronic gerd - distal esophagus change in response to gastric acid (barrot’s esophagus)

Question 15

Dysplasia

Answer 15

abnormal or disorderly growth recognized by a change in size shape and or organization of cells within a tissue

Question 16

Pathological hyperplasia

Answer 16

overstimulation by hormones e.g. enlargement of the prostate; inc risk of cancer

Question 17

Atrophy

Answer 17

decrease in size and often fn of cells, generally associated with a decrease in size and or fn of a tissue or organ

Question 18

Causes of Atrophy (7)

Answer 18

Disues atrophy of muscle - voluntary or denervation-induced dec blood supply inadequate nutrition loss of endocrine stimulation loss of growth factors aging pressure

Question 19

Metaplasia

Answer 19

replacement of one differentiated cell type by another with change in stem cell differentiation

Question 20

Anaplasia

Answer 20

complete loss of morphological differentiation

Question 21

Alcoholism sublethal changes in the liver (5)

Answer 21

fatty change                
alcoholic hyaline              
megamitochondria                  
mitochondrial crystals                
proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

Neoplasia

Answer 22

autonomous new growth

Question 23

Pompe

Answer 23

glycogen accumulates in the body, specifically in the heart and child dies by age of 2 from heart failure

Question 24

Protein accumulation

Answer 24

proteinuria and resoption in proximal tubules
excess secretory protein: russell bodies in plasma cells
defects in folding and transport: alpha1 antitrysin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia
protein damage

Question 25

Benign neoplasia

Answer 25

fibroids

Question 26

Malignant neoplasia

Answer 26

carcinoma

Question 27

Cellular accumulations (5)

Answer 27

lipids (fats and cholesterol) Proteins Hyalin change glycogen pigments

Question 28

Lipofuscin

Answer 28

insolulbe brownish yellow intracellular pigment that accumulates with age complexes of lipid and protein derived from peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes

Question 29

Hyaline in liver

Answer 29

intermediate filaments

Question 30

Mineral and Pigment deposition

Answer 30

hemosiderin

Question 31

Hemosiderosis vs hemochromatosis

Answer 31

no scarring vs scarring

Question 32

Hyaline change

Answer 32

since hyalin is just telling you its pink it can be many substances - mallory's hyaline, hyaline membrane disease

Question 33

hemosiderin in lungs

Answer 33

heart failure

Question 34

Lipofuscin is seen in

Answer 34

long lived cells like cardiac myocytes and neurons

Question 35

Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 35

deposition of Ca in tissues in sites of chronic cell death and inflammation

Question 36

Fewer doubling times of fibroblasts suggests

Answer 36

more clotting, seen in older people or in diseases like werner's

Question 37

Metastatic calcification

Answer 37

percipitation of Ca due to metabolic problem

Question 38

Calories and aging

Answer 38

more calories means more accumulation of unwanted substances so fater aging

Question 39

Mallory Hyaline

Answer 39

in liver due to ethanol

Question 40

hyaline in lung

Answer 40

fibrin

Question 41

Aging

Answer 41

rate at which you age could be a disease -- werner's

Question 42

Enzyme that works against aging

Answer 42

telomerase