Flashcards in changes Deck (42)
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1
Physiological hypertorphy
Uterus during pregnancy-->SM cells get largers (but note these cells can also divide)
Skeletal muscle-->by over working
2
Causes of hypertrophy (3)
Mechanical stimulus - cardiac and skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Growth factor stimulation - endocrine stimulation at puberty - not a good example
increased functional demad - unilateral nephrectormy -->take out one, other one grows--glomeruli get huge
3
Hypertrophy
increase in size of cells leading to an increase in size of tissue
4
Pathological hypertrophy
heart because of hypertension-->short term this is good to pump against a pressure gradient but in the long term that's a problem
5
In Myocardial hypertrophy the size
increases
6
What happens to ANF in myocardial hypertrophy
it is normally not expressed but gets expressed to decrease cell volume, lowering load and lowering pressure
7
Proteins expressed in Myocardial hypertrophy (6)
c-fos, jun, EGRF, fetal contractile proteins (beta myosin-more energy efficient but dec atpase activity), growth factors (TGF -beta, IGF -1)
8
What is the end result of myocardial hypertrophy
degeneration
9
Causes of hyperplasia
viral incuduced - warts
growth factor stimulation - endocrine or stress- induced
ex. endometrial proliferation with each menstral cycle
callus formation
erythroid hyperplasia under chronic hypoxic conditions
10
The hearts of well trained athletes have vs myocardial hypertrophy
good ability to dialate and increase stroke volume vs only an increase in heart rate
11
Hyperplasia
inc in no. of cells resulting in inc size
12
Mechanisms of atrophy
inc catabolism
inc ubiquitin proteosome pathway
inc lysosomal degredation
13
Physiological hyperplasia
lactating breast
14
causes of metaplasia
chronic irritation - squamous metaplasia in respiratory tract in response to tobacco smoke
chronic gerd - distal esophagus change in response to gastric acid (barrot's esophagus)
15
Dysplasia
abnormal or disorderly growth recognized by a change in size shape and or organization of cells within a tissue
16
Pathological hyperplasia
overstimulation by hormones e.g. enlargement of the prostate; inc risk of cancer
17
Atrophy
decrease in size and often fn of cells, generally associated with a decrease in size and or fn of a tissue or organ
18
Causes of Atrophy (7)
Disues atrophy of muscle - voluntary or denervation-induced dec blood supply inadequate nutrition loss of endocrine stimulation loss of growth factors aging pressure
19
Metaplasia
replacement of one differentiated cell type by another with change in stem cell differentiation
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Anaplasia
complete loss of morphological differentiation
21
Alcoholism sublethal changes in the liver (5)
fatty change
alcoholic hyaline
megamitochondria
mitochondrial crystals
proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum
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Neoplasia
autonomous new growth
23
Pompe
glycogen accumulates in the body, specifically in the heart and child dies by age of 2 from heart failure
24
Protein accumulation
proteinuria and resoption in proximal tubules
excess secretory protein: russell bodies in plasma cells
defects in folding and transport: alpha1 antitrysin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia
protein damage
25
Benign neoplasia
fibroids
26
Malignant neoplasia
carcinoma
27
Cellular accumulations (5)
lipids (fats and cholesterol) Proteins Hyalin change glycogen pigments
28
Lipofuscin
insolulbe brownish yellow intracellular pigment that accumulates with age
complexes of lipid and protein derived from peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes
29
Hyaline in liver
intermediate filaments
30
