Changes in governance at the centre - The relationship between the church and the state Flashcards

1
Q

What important powers had parliament developed by the Tudor period?

A

Parliament had the sole right to grant taxation and to pass laws. Not involved in day to day gov.

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2
Q

What power did the king have to restrict?

A

Could veto any laws passed by parliament. Could summon and dismiss parliament at will. Summoned when wanted tax.

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3
Q

How was parliament organised?

A

Two chambers - unelected House of Lords (hereditary peers and bishops) and House of Commons (MPs) Each country had 2MPs, some towns had 1

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4
Q

What were the voting qualifications and how were laws passed?

A

Had to own property that generated 40 shillings per year to vote. Little competition for MP positions. Bills had to be heard in HOL and HOC for it to be passed

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5
Q

What tensions arose overtime between parliament and the crown?

A

Over taxation, finance, religion and royal succession.

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6
Q

In what circumstances was Henry VII forced to call parliament?

A

Periodically due to needs for grants of tax to fund wars for defence of the country from invasion

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7
Q

How often did Henry VII call parliament?

A

Prefered not to have ambitious foreign policy so infrequently called parliament. 7 times in his reign. Last meeting in 1504 due to England at peace

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8
Q

What example is there of parliament challenging Henry VII’s right to taxation?

A

1504 wouldn’t grant full sum he needed

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9
Q

How did Henry VIII’s first parliament enhance his claim to be king?

A

Acknowledged his right to the throne and passed acts of attainder

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10
Q

How often did parliament meet in early years of Henry VIII’s reign?

A
  • Only 4 times between 1509-1529

- Henry VIII wanted to prove himself on international stage

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11
Q

Examples of parliament blocking Henry and Wolsey’s plans?

A
  • 1523 Wolsey’s taxation request denied as it already totalled £260,000
  • MPs were landowners so feared taxation
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12
Q

What changed the relationship between the church and state in 1529?

A

When Henry wanted an annulment from his marriage with Catherine

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13
Q

How was the church structured prior to 1529?

A

Enormously powerful - grew in wealth and influence. Pope was head of the church, appointed senior churchmen - cardinals, archbishops and bishops reflecting views of monarch

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14
Q

What role did the church play in local communities pre 1529?

A

Children baptised into church and went through conformation of Christian faith. Performed marriages and funerals. Key source of charity, cared for sick and elderly

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15
Q

What did the church teach pre 1529?

A

That heaven, hell and purgatory were real places. Preached that souls could be cleansed through good works, confessing sins, praying and going on pilgrimages

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16
Q

How often did people have to go to church and what would happen if they didn’t?

A

Had to go to church regularly. Services were in latin. Monitored and sensored ideas, would prosecute heretics. Being guilty of heresey = burnt at stae.

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17
Q

How could the church be a route to power?

A

Offered opportunities to learn to read and write and go to uni. TW began as a butcher but recieved church education and became chief minister of Henry VIII

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18
Q

How widespread was anticlericalism before 1529?

A

People believed the church should be poor, priests were supposed to be humble, criticised corruption, exploitation of people’s fear of the fate of their souls. Seen as out of touch.

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19
Q

What evidence is there that the church was popular before 1529?

A
  • Wealthiest in society left money in their will to pay for priests to pray for their souls
  • Vast landed estates, biggest landowner
  • Held traditions and festivals
  • People continued to make contributions to the church
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20
Q

What caused tensions between the church and the state prior to 1529?

A

Power and priviledges of the church. Especially when challenging the power of the monarch e.g sanctuary, benefit of the clergy. Ability of papacy to intervene in affairs.

21
Q

Why did Henry VII need church support?

A
  • Usurper
  • Chuch support = god’s support
  • Careful to uphold traditional privileges
22
Q

What tensions arose between Henry VII and the church?

A
  • Henry VII overrode sanctuary laws to arrest Humphrey Stafford who plotted to rebel in 1486
  • Tightend laws of who could access benefit of the clergy
23
Q

What examples are there of anti clericalism in parliament pre 1529?

A
  • 1512 - Act to limit the benefit of the clergy - seen as a continuation from Henry VII
  • Hunne affair - rich london merchant accused of heresy - church claimed he committed suicide but was murdered
24
Q

What evidence is there that there were good relations between the church and the state in Henry VIII’s reign?

A

Henry regarded himself as a loyal Catholic. Published ‘Defence of Seven Sacraments’ as an attack against Luther. TW = clergy 1511-1529 - good relations to secure good post

25
Q

How did the church help Thomas Wolsey demonstrating good church and state relations prior to 1529?

A

TW promoted to 2nd highest position - Archbishop of York 1514, became cardinal in 1515 - most powerful in Europe - could appoint/become next Pope

26
Q

How did Wolsey use his power granted by the church and how did it lead to his fall?

A

Closed 30 monasteries in 1524-29 and used money to create a school in Ipswich and Oxford in his name. Obliged to arrange annulment of marriage - fell from power as loyalties split

27
Q

What was the background to the Act of Supremacy 1534?

A
  • Challenged legality of marriage to Catherine
  • Only 1 daughter - Mary - Cath couldn’t have kids
  • Thought it was a punishment from God
  • Pope denied annulment
28
Q

How did Thomas Cromwell use parliament to break papal control prior to 1534?

A
  • Act in Cordinal Restraint of Annates 1532: temp stop on payments to Rome
  • Submission of the Clergy 1533 - not allowed to call convocation or pass laws
  • Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533 - stopped legal cases going to Rome
29
Q

What was Cromwell’s solution to the divorce crisis?

A

1534 Act of Supremacy confirmed Henry as head of the church so made first marriage invalid - Act of Succession 1534

30
Q

How was 1534 Act of Supremacy a turning point in the relationship between the church and the state?

A
  • Paved way for Treason Act - speaking against king or supremacy
  • All English subjects obeyed Henry
  • Reinforced royal power
  • Appointed TC to Vicegerent fo the Spirituals 1535
  • BOC and sanctuary abolished
31
Q

How did relations between the church and state change between 1534 and 1558?

A
  • Commissioners sent to assess moral, spiritual and financial state of monasteries in 1535.
  • Act of Parliament to dissolve smaller monasteries 1536 (income less than £200 p/a)
  • Last monasteries dissolved 1540
32
Q

What did Henry do with the former monastic lands?

A

Acquired £1.3 million and sold to families of nobility - Cecil and Spencer families.

33
Q

After the dissolution, how did Henry further damage church and state relations?

A

Act of 10 Articles (1536) defined new doctrine. Sacraments reduced from 7 to 3. Act of 6 Articles (1539) reinforced celebacy for priests and transubstantiation

34
Q

What happened after Thomas Cromwell was executed in 1540?

A

Move to Catholic doctrine - 1543 publication of king’s book - emphasised masses for the dead. Edward VI changed it to reformist.

35
Q

How did religious doctrine change in Edward’s reign up to 1549?

A

Reformer faith - 1549 Act of Uniformity introduced Thomas Cramner’s book of Common Prayer

36
Q

What changes were made to doctrine in 1552?

A
  • Cramner produced a more protestant version of CBOP - replaced Catholic stone alter with wooden table.
  • Told clergy to wear plain surplice rather than decorative wear.
  • Denied real presence - bread and wine = christ
  • 1552 42 articles paved way for 39 articles under Liz
37
Q

What problems did Mary face in her attempt to restore Catholicism?

A
  • Thought return would be popular
  • Protestants unhappy - rebellion led by Thomas Wyatt
  • Couldn’t demand monastic land as legally sold to new owners - let them keep it = happy
  • Repealed AOS with Act of Parliament 1554
  • Unable to make lasting impression
38
Q

What problems did Elizabeth face in determining her religious settlement and dealing with gender issues?

A
  • Female - seen as unfit to rule
  • Embodiment of break with Rome
  • Educated by reformers but couldn’t be too protestant
  • Illegitimate
  • Origional AOS dismantled
  • Had to reestablish royal supremacy
39
Q

What problems did Elizabeth face in determining her religious settlement through parliament, particularly in House of Lords?

A

Had to use parliament to recognise her settlement. HOL - 1/2 catholic appointed by Mary. Became supreme govenor - got oath of loyalty from all officials

40
Q

Why was the bill of uniformity so contentious and how was this eventually passed?

A

More protestant than Catholics wanted. Reimposed 1552 Prayer book - fine of 12d if didn’t attend church. 2 sentences added from 1549 prayer book. Ambiguous about real presence. Bill only passed 21:18 votes

41
Q

How did Elizabeth enforce her settlement?

A

New oath of supremacy. All ut 1 of Mary’s bishops refused and were deprived of their posts. Appointed protestants in their place- Matthew Parker Archbishop of Canterbury. 300/8000 clergy refused

42
Q

How was Elizabeth’s religious settlement challenged?

A
  • Initially wanted no changes to 1559 settlement - no guidance on the doctrine
  • Left matters to convocation but was prepared to intervene
  • E.G convoc discussed 42 articles but they were denying real presence so Liz stepped in 38 published (article 29)
43
Q

How did the clergy feel about the 1559 settlement?

A
  • More radical clergy refused to conform about clothing - Parket enforced rules through Book of Advertisements
  • 37 resigned in protest
44
Q

How did puritans try to influence Elizabeth’s settlement?

A

Local groups set up prophesyings - meeting where puritans encouraged better education through bible study and puritan clergy practicing the preaching of sermons

45
Q

How did Elizabeth react to puritans?

A

Archbishop of Canterbury ordered to suppress prophesyings but was too sympathetic - placed on house arrest in 1557

46
Q

How did puritans use parliament to influence the settlement?

A
  • 1571 Walter Strickland attempted to introduce a bill that would have changed the prayer book
  • 1587 Anthony Cope and Peter Wentworth attempted to remove structure of church - sent to tower
  • 1589 challenge went - key puritan died (Earl of Liecester)
47
Q

What act was put in place to stop puritan challenge?

A

Act against Seditious Secretaries passed in 1593 stated anyone who refused to attend CofE had to leave country

48
Q

When did Elizabeth’s relationship with parliament come under strain?

A

When she went to war with Spain. Had to ask for tax. Also used royal prerogative to give monopolies to highest bidder - Walter Raleigh liscenced taverns

49
Q

What evidence is there that there was parliamentary confidence?

A

1597 was first challenge to her policies - despite their concern of misuse of monopolies. Liz gave golden speech 1601 after mob burst into parliament begging for end of monops