Tyrone's Rebellion, 1595 Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Tyrone’s army a challenge to England?

A

Large, well organised, Tyrone had used English and Spanish captains to train his men and imported weapons and ammo, mordern weapons, had deserters from GB

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2
Q

How big was Tyrone’s army in 1595?

A

1000 calvary, 4000 musketment, 1000 pikemen

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3
Q

Which other chieftains did Tyrone have support from?

A

Hugh Roe O’Donnell, Hugh Maguire - traditional fueds forgotten also from James Fitzthomas and Florence MacCarthy

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4
Q

Where had the rebellion spread to in 1595?

A

Connaught

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5
Q

Which counties joined in 1598?

A

Leinster and Munster joined

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6
Q

How did the English army compare to the Irish army in 1596?

A

6000 footmen, 1200 cavalry (rebels)

                  vs

5732 footmen, 617 cavalry (English)

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7
Q

What did Elizabeth do in 1599 when she realised she was outnumbered?

A

Sent the largest army of her reign led by the Earl of Essex

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8
Q

What war was England fighting in?

A

Fought Spanish control over Netherlands since 1585, English sent help to Dutch protestants

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9
Q

Why did the Spanish support the Irish?

A

Thought they could destablise English war effort, sent two spanish armadas, first failed in 1588, sent a second in 1596 - fleet dispersed by strong winds, 32 ships lost

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10
Q

What did Phillip III do when Phillip II died?

A

Suceeded Phillip II, continued Spanish policy of intervention in Ireland as they thought it would lead to English withdrawing from Netherlands

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11
Q

What did Phillip III see Ireland as?

A

Potential base to launch invasion to England but never enough troops before 1601

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12
Q

What happened in 1601 when Phillip III finally had enough troops to invade England?

A

Ships became seperated in a storm, included weapons and ammo, only 3400/6000 men made it to Ireland

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13
Q

Why was the Spanish involvement more of a threat than a reality?

A

Because they were too involved with the Dutch

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14
Q

What problems did Sir William Russell face?

A

Outnumbered, 1100 men to use for defense, not prioritisng the rebellion enough - focused o Netherlands, weak commander, poor strategy, Irish more united

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15
Q

How did the English army react to events at the Battle of Clontibret?

A

Withdrew troops from Brittany where they had been fighting Spanish forces, 2000 men were pomised but only 1616 arrived in poor condition

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16
Q

What happened to Baganel’s army at the Battle of Clontibret?

A

1595 Irish captured Eniskillen castle and began to beseige Monaghan castle, Sir Henry Baganel attempted to help the beseiged garrison but provoked Tyrone to rebel

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17
Q

Who was Sir Henry Baganel?

A

Marshal of English army, aimed to deliver men and supplies to Monaghan castle, marched with 1750 men

18
Q

What happened when Baganel attempted to approach Monaghan castle in the Battle of Clontibret?

A

Ambushed by Tyrone’s men, forced to fight and used up supplies of gunpowder, eventually reached safety of the castle but supplies were low

19
Q

What did the English have to do after having low supplies at Monaghan castle and what happened?

A

Had to return to Newry, ambushed again by 4000 Irish and forced to slow down, stopped outside Newry with little ammunition, 31 deaths, 109 wounded

20
Q

What did the Baganel do after being ambushed in Newry?

A

Rescued by sea, Tyrone was low on supplies too

21
Q

What did the Battle of Clontibret show about the rising?

A

That the English faced a well organised Irish force who outnumbered them and took advantage of their knowledge of the geography

22
Q

Why was the situation a stalemate by 1595?

A

Rebels found that their tactic of taking and capturing garrisoning fortresses made them vulnerable, too expensibe to do this, no active conflict

23
Q

What was Elizabeth forced to do after the stalemate in 1595?

A

Keen to negotiate - cheaper than warfare, preoccupied with war with Spain

24
Q

What settlement was agreed in 1596?

A

Tyrone agreed to submit, to pay damages, to stop demanding freedom of worship for Catholics and to accept English sovereignity, English agreed to remove garrisons and give Tyrone Ulster

25
Q

Why did the settlement of 1596 break down?

A

Because Phillip II of Spain had been negotiating with rebels, they offered the crown of Ireland to govenor of the Netherlands, Phillip offered to discuss invasion

26
Q

What did Irish negotiations with the Spanish lead to in 1596?

A

An unsuccessful spanish armada in October

27
Q

Why did Tyrone become more aggressive after 1596?

A

Little to lose - called a traitor in 1595, claimed he had the right to grant lordships and positions over regions in Ireland, wanted Ireland to unite against England

28
Q

What did the English decide to do in 1597?

A

Decided to replace the Lord Deputy Sir William Russell and the commander of the English army Sir Henry Norris with Thomas Lord Bugh - experienced soldier

29
Q

What was Bugh’s initial plan?

A

To march on Tyrone’s estates in Ulster, found himself outnumbered

30
Q

What happened when Bugh was outnumbered?

A

Built a series of forts along Blackwater river in Ulster, new fort gave protection for English, provided a base for further attacks against Tyrone

31
Q

What happened when Bugh died suddenly in 1597?

A

English lacked a leader, made a mistake of using forts, English distracted by potential of Spanish Armada, sent Thomas Norris to munster to deal with potential rebels

32
Q

What did Tyrone agree to do in 1597 and what happened to the Earl of Oremand who headed the English army?

A

A truce, was secretly planning to attack, came to an end in 1598 and Tyrone beseiged Blackwater fort, Oremond’s army deserted so had to accept help from Baganel

33
Q

How did Baganel helpe Oremond?

A

Offered to bring 4200 men and marched to Blackwater

34
Q

Why were the English defeated at Yellow Fort?

A

English under fire from both sides due to Irish ambush. Heavy English artillary stuck in boggy ground, Baganal killed, 830 of his men killed, 300 joined Irish

35
Q

What did this shock Elizabeth into doing?

A

Feared Dublin would be attacked, Tyrone too cautious to do this, Irishmen encouraged by Tyrone’s successes to rebel, uprsising in Munster, sent 8200 men to Dublin

36
Q

Who was appointed Lord Lieutenant in 1599?

A

Robert Devereux - 2nd Earl of Essex

37
Q

Why did the English lose at Curlew pass?

A

Dire military situation, O’Connor one of the last Irish chieftians supporting the English was attacked, unfamiliar geography

38
Q

What happened to O’Connor at the battle of Curlew pass?

A

Essex ordered Clifford to rescue O’Connor, marched to his rescue but ambushed, Clifford killed, 1/3 army killed, O’Connor forced to surrender, ally lost

39
Q

What did Essex decide at this point after Curlew pass and how did Elizabeth react?

A

Decided he couldn’t attack Tyrone, English army sick and deserted, Elizabeth demanded Essex to march on, Essex outnumbered and negotiated privately with Tyrone

40
Q

What did Tyrone agree to with Essex?

A

A truce, Essex accused of treason by Cecil, 1601 Essex did his own rebellion