Changes in the role of the people

Question 1

why was reform needed in the 1790s?

Answer 1

Poor performance in the war of independence

Question 2

1780s ship building

Answer 2

Ships still commissioned during peacetime

Question 3

Middleton’s initiative

Answer 3

Coppering

expensive but effective

Question 4

Royal ordnance

Answer 4

improved quality of guns

Question 5

Blomefield policy on Naval Guns

Answer 5

every gun had to be fired 30 times before installed

firing mechanism had to be flintlock

Question 6

Carronade

Answer 6

Shotgun 
fired grapeshot
short-range
quick to reload
broader angle of fire

Question 7

Intention of carronade

Answer 7

used on merchant ships

fired from deck so didn’t take up carrying capacity

Question 8

First use of carronade on frigate

Answer 8

1782 HMS rainbow

Question 9

Carronade action 1795

Answer 9

HMS Glatton armed entirely with carronades

devastated French ships in Indian Ocean

Question 10

Carronade Battle of Trafalgar

Answer 10

2 Carronades on HMS Victory cleared top gun deck of French battleship

Question 11

Why did use of carronades decline?

Answer 11

Long distance guns became more accurate

Question 12

When were carronades phased out?

Answer 12

1851

Question 13

first successful use of rockets

Answer 13

attack on Boulogne
October 1806
24 cutters fired 2,000 rockets at the city.

Question 14

Effects of the congreve rocket

Answer 14

Physical effects limited

psychological effects more drastic

Question 15

What were rockets used for?

Answer 15

ship to shore bombardment

Question 16

Views on rockets in army

Answer 16

opposed

inaccurate and frivolous

Question 17

Why were rockets discontinued?

Answer 17

Inaccuracy
stored poorly
advances in steel artillery

Question 18

Armstrongs artillery developments

Answer 18

breech loading

cannon

Question 19

why was breech loading better

Answer 19

quicker and simpler

Question 20

what problems was Armstrong’s new cannon aim to overcome

Answer 20

slow loading barrel wear and poor accuracy

Question 21

How did Armstrongs new cannon overcome these problems?

Answer 21

breech loading

projectiles coated in soft metal

Question 22

Why weren’t Armstong’s guns used?

Answer 22

more maintenance needed

higher level of training

Question 23

maxim gun

Answer 23

1884
600 rounds a minute
crew needed to move it set up and service

Question 24

Vickers gun

Answer 24

1897
improved on the design of the maxim gun
lighter 
more reliable 
replaced by Lewis gun

Question 25

impact of machine guns

Answer 25

fewer men needed to hold an area | warfare no longer mobile

Question 26

What and when was the first working tank prototype?

Answer 26

1915 | Little Willie

Question 27

Problems with the first tanks

Answer 27

too loud to communicate difficult to operate slow no steering

Question 28

when was the first tank used?

Answer 28

1916 the Somme

Question 29

Tanks at the Somme

Answer 29

Broke down before reaching the enemy

Question 30

What was the most successful use of tanks in WW1?

Answer 30

Battle of Cambrai | 400 tanks supported the infantry in a creeping barrage

Question 31

Why was the Bank of England founded?

Answer 31

to manage government debt

Question 32

What was the Bank of England responsible for?

Answer 32

Issuing Government bonds

Question 33

Why did the Bank of England give Britain an advantage?

Answer 33

Other countries all dealt in cash

Question 34

What were consols?

Answer 34

Government bonds with: no fixed period by which they had to be repaid investor received interest payments every quarter

Question 35

Why were government bonds successful?

Answer 35

Government could quickly access large amounts of money | Could financially support allies

Question 36

Financing the French Wars

Answer 36

William Pitt income tax inheritance tax

Question 37

How much was additionally raised in taxes between 1793 and 1815?

Answer 37

£12 million

Question 38

Financing Crimean war

Answer 38

Short with limited scope Britain at the height of economic power half funded by borrowing

Question 39

Financing boer war

Answer 39

Tax increased Mainly met by borrowing - consols third met by taxation

Question 40

WW1 taxes

Answer 40

taxes increase income tax exemption limit lowered High duties imposed on luxury items

Question 41

WW1 public borrowing

Answer 41

30% of expenditure funded by borrowing

Question 42

What was the increase in national debt in WW1?

Answer 42

1914: £625 million 1918: £7,800 million

Question 43

How much did Britain loan to allies in WW1?

Answer 43

£1825

Question 44

How much did Britain owe the US after WW1?

Answer 44

£1,000 million

Question 45

How many people paid income tax by 1918?

Answer 45

1914: 1.5 million 1918: 7.7. million

Question 46

Social impact of the French Wars

Answer 46

Virtually the entire British population contributed

Question 47

Social impact of Crimean War

Answer 47

``` public opinion (influenced by press) called for change - prime minister Florence Nightingale showed women could help ```

Question 48

Social impact Boer War

Answer 48

Public outraged changed concentration camp policy

Question 49

Why did women and children follow army campaigns?

Answer 49

only other choice was the workhouse

Question 50

Why did people follow army campaigns?

Answer 50

patriotism, philanthropy or curiosity

Question 51

Who provided medical care and catering?

Answer 51

Camp followers

Question 52

Home front 1793 - 1815

Answer 52

militia units across Britain | maintained law and order whilst main military away

Question 53

DORA

Answer 53

Defense of the realm act government able to rule by decree control of censorship, alcohol sales and food regulations

Question 54

Munitions of War act

Answer 54

Created a controlled establishment strikes banned fines for absenteeism workers could only leave job with leaving certificate

Question 55

When did Lloyd George become PM?

Answer 55

1916

Question 56

What did Lloyd George create to win the war?

Answer 56

12 new ministries | including: Blockade, shipping, food control, health, transport

Question 57

Role of women in WW1

Answer 57

took over waged work to free up men for war Over 100,000 women served as typists, drivers, clerks and cooks 40,000 worked as orderlies

Question 58

What was the increase in women doing waged work?

Answer 58

only 22.5%