changes to the global order post 1991 Flashcards
(28 cards)
success of persian gulf war / gulf war
1990-91
Kuwait liberated in 6 weeks
no fly zone in iraq after supression of Kurdish rebellion
features that aided gulf war 1’s success
UNSC resolution - Resolution 678 “all necessary means”
international / broad coalition 35 states
names of operations in gulf war 1
Operation Dessert Storm
Operation Provide Comfort
significance of Somalia
Battle of Mogadishu
Black Hawk Down
Vietnam syndrome = Somalia syndrome prevented future interventions
Osama Bin Laden cited the withdrawal as proof of a lack of will
time span of Yugoslav wars
1991 - 2001
systemic violence from Serb forces
1995 - Srebrenica massacare
1999 - Kosovo NATO bombing
failed UN peacekeeping pre 1995 massacare
UNPROFOR peacekeeping forces were ‘passive’
Secretary General “no peace to keep”
‘safe heaven’ was raided
7,000 muslim men + boys killed = genocide
NATO intervetion post 1995 Srebrenica masacare
Operation Deliberate Force push Dayton Peace Accords
60,000 NATO troops deployed in Bosnia for nation building
NATO 1999 KOSOVO
78 day bomb campaign
Operation Allied Force
controversies of 1999 Kosovo
no UNSC resolution (Russia + China would have VETO) / lack of mandate
westphallian system?
Blair’s 1999 significance
Chicago Speech “genocide is never a purely internal matter”
Blair Doctrine - set a precedent for R2P as Blair urged that the international community has an obligation to help those unprotected by their state
East Timore context
Indonesia had annexed in 1975 (post Portuguese colony)
1999 referendum held on East Timore independence = 78% YES
Indonesia cracked down…
East Timore success
1999 Australian led multinational force to disarm militias
UNSC resolution
East Timore gained independence in 2003
Sierra Leone 2000
RUF terrorising villages; child soldiers, mass killing, mutilation, rapes etc
West Side Boys took 11 British soldiers hostage (biggest event since Iranian embassy 1980)
timeline of Charles Taylor
1991 civil war in Sierra Leone
Taylor supports RUF
- exploits illicit diamonds -
2003 steps down as president of Liberia
exiled
2006 UN tribunal arrests Charles Taylor for 11 war crimes and 50 years in prison
nature of Sierra Leone intervention
UN Peacekeeping: UNAMSIL
stabilised Freetown
Afghanistan context
9/11
the Taliban supported Al Qaeda (the masterminds of Twin towers attack)
Bush declared the WAR ON TERROR (Al Qaeda and their leader Osama Bin Laden)
“We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.”
Bush and the War on Terror
“Our war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there.”
aim of Afghanistan
- defeat Bin Laden
- replace Taliban with a liberal democracy
“fight against terrorism is a fight for female dignity”
- restruction / nation building
- supporting Afghan army
failures of Afghan occupation
- money war poured in despite insufficient infrastructure
AID COURRUPTION - “he was a warlord, but our warlord”
US defeated the Taliban, and then the US brought them back from the dead
failures of 2021 Afghan withdrawal
the once ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ ended in tragedy as thousands of Afghan, fearing for the their lives in the wake of the Taliban’s return clung desperately to US soldiers and aircraft, hoping to return back to the promises land of US soil
how did Camp David legitimise the Taliban and undermine the Afghan gov
Afhgan gov was not invited to talks
Taliban was recognised by US
US had planned to host the Taliban on US soil
2003 Iraq failures
no weapons of mass destruction - Campbell’s Dodgy Dossier
no link to Al Qaeda
no link to 9/11
Human Rights abuses : Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay
Macmillan’s warning on Afghan
“my dear boy, as long as you don’t invade Afghanistan you’ll be absolutely fine”
how did Iraq 2003 worsen the world order
destabilised the middle east
rise of ISIS
damaged legitimacy of intervention
