Changing cities

Question 1

What is urbanisation?

Answer 1

The growth of an urban area as the population increases

Question 2

When was rate of urbanisation fastest in developed countries and why?

Answer 2

During 19th and 20th centuries due to the Industrial Revolution. People were attracted to the cities by demand for labour, and a reliable source of pay

Question 3

Why is urbanisation happening at a fast rate in developing countries?

Answer 3

People are attracted by:
Better healthcare
Job opportunities
Higher life expectancy
Reliable pay
This is mostly RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION

Question 4

What are the effects of urbanisation in developing countries?

Answer 4

People can get reliable pay, better sanitation etc
HOWEVER
It can lead to extremely overcrowded living conditions and cause bad pollution, especially from vehicles and in rivers

Question 5

What is a major urban area?

Answer 5

A heavily urbanised area

Question 6

What is a conurbation?

Answer 6

A region comprising of a number of large cities or towns

Question 7

What caused rapid urbanisation in the UK?

Answer 7

Industrial Revolution - many workers were needed in cities and people were attracted by it. They got reliable pay and could move in with friends and family
RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION

Question 8

Why do river estuaries help cities to develop?

Answer 8

River estuaries can open up the opportunity of maritime trade, which will boost the city’s economy and thus aid their development

Question 9

How has the rate of urbanisation in the UK changed over time?

Answer 9

Very fast during the Industrial Revolution
Slower after 1965 - some COUNTERURBANISATION taking place.

Question 10

Describe Bristol’s SITE

Answer 10

It has the river Avon flowing through the city and is surrounded by the counties of Gloucestershire and Somerset

Question 11

Describe Bristol’s SITUATION?

Answer 11

Bristol is situated in the south-west of the Uk with the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It is in the North west of Europe

Question 12

Describe Bristol’s connectivity

Answer 12

An airport provides connections to mostly Europe
Good rail links from Temple Meads to the rest of the Uk
Bristol is on the M4 and M5 motorways which connect the city to the rest of the UK

Question 13

What is SUBURBANISATION?

Answer 13

The outward growth of an urban development, which may engulf surrounding towns and villages

Question 14

What is COUNTER URBANISATION?

Answer 14

When people move from urban to rural areas. It is a social process but can also involve the movement of some businesses

Question 15

What is RE-URBANISATION?

Answer 15

When people move back into inner city areas where populations had already declined beforehand

Question 16

What is the order of suburbs, CBD, etc
Going from the middle outwards

Answer 16

CBD
Inner city
Inner suburbs
Outer suburbs
Rural - Urban fringe

Question 17

What is DEINDUSTRIALISATION?

Answer 17

When industrial areas such as factories or docks close down

Question 18

What causes deindustrialisation?

Answer 18

GLOBALISATION - when companies move to other countries to manufacture their goods because it is cheaper:
Lower labour costs
Cheaper shipping etc

Question 19

What are the impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 19

Can lead to high unemployment in the inner city
Can lead to deprivation or poverty
Decrease in the city’s economy

Question 20

What are the reasons for Bristol’s inequalities?

Answer 20

Deindustrialisation left many people without jobs in specific areas so while they were earning no money, people in other areas kept their jobs.
As a result, the economic divide increased

Question 21

What are some examples of deprived areas in Bristol?

Answer 21

Lawrence Hill
Filwood
Southmead

Question 22

Where is there low deprivation in Bristol?

Answer 22

Clifton
Redland
Cabot

Question 23

How are the Bristol council increasing the quality of life for those in the city?

Answer 23

Better access to recycling
Improvements in health and education
Cycle lanes
Car sharing (2+ lanes)
Buses - cheap and can skip traffic

Question 24

What is DECENTRALISATION?

Answer 24

The movement of industry away from urban centres into areas such as retail and business parks in the suburbs

Question 25

Describe São Paulo’s site

Answer 25

On a hilly plateau on the Tiete river North east of the Serra do Mar mountains

Question 26

Describe São Paulo’s situation

Answer 26

South east Brazil on the Atlantic coast. Uruguay is to the south and Rio de Janeiro is to the north

Question 27

Describe São Paulo’s connectivity

Answer 27

2 airports which have civil and cargo flights domestically and to the rest of the world

Question 28

What are push factors and give some examples

Answer 28

Push factors are factors that push people out of an area E.g. Less jobs available Natural disasters

Question 29

What are pull factors and give some examples

Answer 29

Factors that pull people into an area (the city) E.g. better job opportunities Better healthcare Lower infant mortality

Question 30

What are the effects of rapid urbanisation in São Paulo?

Answer 30

- Progressively more favelas are emerging because of how overpopulated the city is, which leads to unsanitary, cramped living conditions - Traffic congestion + pollution - High unemployment because there are not enough jobs to go around for the number of people in the city

Question 31

What are the pros and cons of top-down approaches?

Answer 31

Pros - there is large funding from the government Cons - the people of which it concerns do not really get a say and have it forced upon them which they may not want

Question 32

What are the pros and cons of bottom-up approaches?

Answer 32

Pros - residents can decide what happens and they get funding from charities Cons - they become completely dependent on the charity and if the charity stops their funding then they can’t do anything