Changing Cities Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is a brownfield site!?
A
An area of land that has been built upon previously and can be regenerated for new constructions
2
Q
What is the central business district!?
A
The centre area of a city. The economic hub dominated by retailers and offices
3
Q
What is a congestion charge!?
A
Monetary charge for drivers entering a specific section of an urban area.
4
Q
When was the congestion charge introduced!?
A
In 2003
5
Q
What is the core region!?
A
The economic centre of activity
6
Q
Name an example of a core region….
A
Maharashtra
7
Q
What is counter urbanisation!?
A
The movement of people from urban to rural areas usually located beyond the green belt
8
Q
What is debt!?
A
Money owed by one country to another country, sometimes to international agencies
9
Q
Give an example of an international agency….
A
World bank/IMF
10
Q
What is de-centralisation!?
A
The movement of people, factories offices and shops away from city centres to suburban locations
11
Q
What is deindustrialisation!?
A
The decline in manufacturing and industrial activity (secondary industry)
12
Q
What is an economic migrant!?
A
A person who moves from one area to another in order to find work or a better standard of living
13
Q
What is the green belt!.
A
A ring of countryside to prevent urban sprawl, a policy controlling urban growth
14
Q
What is a green field site!?
A
An area of land that has not been built on previously
15
Q
What is industrialisation!?
A
The move from an economy dominated by primary industry to secondary industry (manufacturing)
16
Q
What is the periphery!?
A
Parts of a country outside the economic core
17
Q
Give an example of a periphery area…..
A
Bihar
18
Q
What is population density!?
A
The number of people per square mile/km
19
Q
What is the definition of the quality of life!?
A
The degree of well being felt by an individual or group. May relate to jobs,wages,access to services
20
Q
What is re-urbanisation!?
A
The movement of people back towards city centres away from rural areas and from the suburbs
21
Q
What are self help schemes!?
A
Where individuals are given materials in order to improve their own homes
22
Q
Where have self help schemes been used!?
A
In Dharavi
23
Q
What is a squatter settlement!?
A
Also known as a shanty town. An informal settlement, area of poor housing, often self built by residents out of basic materials
24
Q
What is a site!”
A
An actual location of a settlement on earth and physical characteristics of the landscape specific to an area
25
What is a situation!?
The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places
26
What is urban/suburban sprawl!?
The growth of an urban area normally into greenfield land located adjacent to the city
27
What is suburbanisation!?
The movement of people from inner city areas to the edges of the city due to more green space and lower density housing
28
What is urbanisation!?
The increase percentage of people living in towns and cities causing them to grow
29
What proportion of the world lived in cities in 2020!?
55%
30
By how much did the uk population grow between 1830-1890!?
10%
31
How many universities were in Mumbai in 2020!?
17
32
In 1901, how many cities in the world has a population over 10,000!?
33
33
How many people are there per square mile in Dharavi!?
1 million
34
How many cases of diarrhoea,diphtheria and typhoid are reported daily in a Dharavi slum!?
4000
35
In 2019,what % did London contribute to the UK economy!?
21.9%
36
How many mega cities were there in 2017!?
40
37
What was the population density of London in 2020!?
5000 per sq km
38
What was the student population of Birmingham in 2011!?
78,000
39
What % of the current Birmingham population were born outside of the UK!?
22%
40
What was the population of Birmingham in 2014!?
1.1million
41
What amount of Birmingham is currently covered in park land!?
3500ha in 571 parks
42
How many more houses were needed in 2015 to meet demand!?
5000
43
What % of Birmingham’s current population is under the age of 45!?
66%
44
In what year was the Merry Hill shopping centre built!?
1985
45
Between 1990-1995 by what % did CBD trade fall by in Birmingham!?
12%
46
What year did the bull ring reopen after redevelopment!?
2003
47
How many jobs were lost in Longbridge as a result of the closure of the MG rover factory!?
5900 and 65000 in supply chain
48
In 2016 what % of the Birmingham’s population lived in areas categorised by the UK government as the most deprived areas in the uk!?
40%
49
In 2016 what % of the Birmingham’s population lived in areas catorgorised by the UK government as in the top 5% of of least deprived areas in the UK!?
Sutton four oaks
50
How much did carbon emissions in Birmingham reduce by between 2002/2010!?
12%
51
What was the recycling rate in Birmingham in 2013!?
30.1%
52
As of 2016, how much money had been promised to be invested in Birmingham for energy efficiency!?
£59 million
53
What was the population of Mumbai, in 2016 including the Metropolitan area!?
21 million
54
What % of India’s factory work occurred in Mumbai in 2016!?
10%
55
What % of India’s foreign trade occurred in Mumbai in 2016!?
40%
56
What was the annual worth of informal industries in Mumbai in 2020!?
$1 billion
57
How many rubbish bags were collected daily in Mumbai in 2014!?
1 million
58
How many people were there per toilet in the Dharavi slums in 2014!?
500
59
SPARC is an example of a bottom up scheme in Mumbai. What does SPARC stand for!?
Society for the promotion of area resource centres
60
How much money did the Mumbai 7 year improvement plan cost!?
$2 billion
61
What % of Bihar relied on agriculture in 2011!?
80%
62
What % of Bihar had access to electricity in 2011!?
58%
63
What was the average income in Mumbai in 2020!?
30,000 rupees a month
64
In 2020, what proportion of India’s billionaires lived in Mumbai!?
28/100
65
In 2020, how many people in Mumbai were living in slums like Dharavi!?
1 million
66
What are the physical factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?
Flat and developed land.
67
Why is flat land cause a variation of urbanisation!?
Flat land= more accessible land= infrastructure developed= increased connectivity = business locate
68
What are the historical factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?
Industrial Revolution= a rapid growth of factory towns= industrial cities grew rapidly
69
What was London population in 1801!?
In 1801 London was the only city with a population of 100,000 by 1901 there were 33 worldwide
70
What are the recent economic factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?
Change in tertiary/ quarternary industries require a good transport an communication links
71
What are the population factors that contribute to to the vary or urbanisation!?
London is the centre of uk government. Important in encouraging growth. Reinforced by relationships with the EU
72
What is urbanisation?
The increase in population of people living in built-up areas instead of rural areas
73
In 2020 what percentage of the worlds population lived in urban areas?
55%
74
What percentage did cities grow by when factory work became available in the UK?
UK cities grew by 10% a year in the years 1830 and 1890
75
What are the pull factors for Rural to urban migration in India?
Mumbai equals better jobs. (Around 30,000 rupees)
Healthcare
Education – 17 universities in cities.

76
What are the push factors for Rural to urban migration in India?
Bihar equals mechanisation and green revolution means loss of all jobs.
Climate means risky, economy
77
What is natural increase?
High birth rate and falling death rate
78
Why does natural increase occur?
Contraception is not widely available
Poor sex education
Required to work over compensation for high infant mortality
79
Describe the distribution of urban population globally….
As of 2017, there are 40, megacities (over 10 million people in a city ) and an increased number in emerging/developing countries
80
Describe the distribution of urban population in the uk….
Distribution is uneven
Generally lower population density in the north than the south.
London has the highest population density between 5000 people per kilometre squared
81
List the generic effects of urbanisation
Squatter settlements develop
Add noise and water pollution increase.
Investment increases.
The gap between rich and poor increases
82
List a fact about squarter settlements developing in India
In Dharavi the population of 1 million people per square mile
83
Name, a fact about air , noise and water pollution increase in India
4000 cases of diarrhoea, diphtheria, and typhoid reported daily
84
Then a fact about increased investment in the UK
London contributes 21.9% to the UK economy
85
What does CBD stand for?
Central business district
86
What is the central business district?
It’s the main hub of economic activity
87
Give an example of a CBD
Birmingham, Grand Central and bull ring development
88
Describe the inner city
Characterised by terraced housing traditionally for factory workers.
Some parts redeveloped into high-rise blocks of flats in 1970s.
Usually occupied by young professionals to improve the area.
(Attracted by close proximity to city and colour for the suburbs)
89
Give an example of redeveloped, high-rise, blocks and flats in the UK
Sparkbrook, Birmingham or Mutley Plymouth
90
Describe the suburbs?
Building density is much lower.
Characterised by detached and semidetached housing.
Thank you usually built in periods between the 1930s and 1960s
Usually occupied by families and elderly residents who can afford the larger houses
91
Name example of a suburb in the UK
Edgbaston, Birmingham, or Hartley Plymouth
92
Describe the urban rural fringe
Fewer larger, more recently built homes.
Often detached.
Cheap land.
Development on greenbelt land.
Out of town retail centres also sited here
93
What is moving in?
Increase investment in the CBD equals more jobs.
Increase number of students equal second largest student population in the UK. (78,000 in 2011)
94
What is moving out?
Elderly move out to retirement destinations, e.g. Bournemouth
95
After responding to a shortage of workers of workers initially from Asian community and the east European community (post 2000) what % of Birminghams population were born outside the uk?
22%
96
After responding to the shortage of workers that made the uks population of people living in Birmingham that weren’t born there increase to 22%. What were the names of the countries the workers came from?
Asian and Eastern European communities
97
How many Syrian refugees did Birmingham pledge to take in?
Birmingham city council pledged to take 500 Syrian refugees
98
Where is Birmingham’s site?
It’s located on Birmingham plateau,
In the midlands region
And is on a south facing sandstone ridge
99
What is the situation of Birmingham?
Located centrally in England
100
What is the connectivity of Birmingham?
Birmingham international airport
Birmingham new street station
M5,M6,M42 all providing national links to West Midlands
101
What are the cultural aspects of Birmingham?
It’s a multicultural city
102
What did the 2011 census show about the population of Birmingham?
13.5% were Pakistani and 6% were Indian
103
What are the environmental factors of Birmingham?
571 parks that cover 3500Ha. It’s ranked 15 for sustainable cities in the uk
104
What is the urbanisation of Birmingham influenced by?
Influenced by manufacturing (eg jewellery in Birmingham)
Small houses built for workers coming from the countryside
105
What is suburbanisation?
Large movement of people to the periphery of cities creating larger urban combinations
106
Where doe’s the suburbanisation of Birmingham occur?
Along main road routes= good connection to the city
107
What other factors lead to suburbanisation of Birmingham?
It’s usually inhabited by young families because if the close proximity still to work in the city but more green areas
108
In what year did Birminghams population begin to grow? And what did this mean?
In the 1920s and 1930s meaning cities had to expand
109
What is counter urbanisation?
The movement of people from urban areas to surrounding rural areas
110
Why do people move from cities?
They move altogether in favour of more rural living or to smaller towns such as Redditch in the uk
111
What attracts people to move away from the city?
They are attracted by cheaper land and therefore bigger houses, more green space, better quality of life
112
What is re urbanisation?
When people move back to the centre of urban areas
113
When does reurbanisation usually occur?
It usually follows regeneration, can be of old industrial buildings eg city flats in mailbox
114
What % of the current residences in Birmingham are from ethnic groups other than white British?
42%
115
In 2015 how many new houses were needed to be built in Birmingham to meet demand?
5000 homes
116
After this large population growth, what services struggled in Birmingham?
Pressure on doctors
And pressure on schools- as well as language barrier
117
Between what age group is % higher than Uk average?
20-35 year olds
118
What % of Birmingham’s current population is under 45?
66%
119
What. Is deindustrialisation?
A decrease in the size of the manufacturing sector
120
List the 4main causes of deindustrialisation?
Development of transport
Technological advances
Globalisation
De-centralisation
121
How does the development of transport cause deindustrialisation?
The development of aerospace technology means greater competition from abroad causing outsourcing of manufacturing
122
Give an example of a company that outsourced to another country…
MG rover in Longbridge outsourced production to Japan
123
How does technological advances cause deindustrialisation?
It improved communication which means that industries/businesses become footloose and therefore can operate all over the world
124
Why did some business go out of business due to technological advances?
New technologies are slow to be applied to Birmingham’s industries so firms went out of business
125
What % of the uk population owned a personal laptop in 2011?
76%
126
How does globalisation cause deindustrialisation?
Due to all others and Greater competition from abroad. Birmingham suffered badly from imported goods as well as manufacturing also being outsourced
127
How does de-centralisation cause deindustrialisation?
Movement of people to outskirts shifted focus away from city centres. Inner city therefore went into decline. Factories closed/demolished
128
What make the differences of the quality of life?
Provision and pressure on services such as education/health ect
Differences in investment
Concern over quality/short term jobs
129
Why would the suburbs lead to a difference in the quality of life?
Lowe crime rate
High purchasing power
Wide range of services
Low air and water pollution
Green space
130
What factors of the inner city would cause a difference in the quality of life?
Concerns over crime
Rubbish collection
Less green space
131
What is the decentralisation of retailing?
Movement of retail centres to the outskirts of city.
132
Are an example of the decentralisation of retailing?
In the 1970s Merry Hill was built in 1985
133
Why dies the decentralisation of retailing occur?
Increased car ownership-ability to park for free
Larger retail establishments-cheaper land
Suburbanisation-market has moved out of cities
Better shopping experience-undercover,climate control
More recently-internet shopping
134
What impact has decentralisation in retail caused to the city centre?
The decline of the city centre. Between 1990 and 1995 trade in the CBD declined by 12%
135
Name some examples of some redevelopment in the CBD…..
Bull ring reopened in 2003
Mailbox in 1998
More recently Grand Central Station
136
What are the social and economic impacts of deindustrialisation?
Unemployment
Lower family income
Depopulation
Antisocial Behaviour
137
Give a fact about unemployment…
5900 jobs lost at Longbridge site
and
65,000 in the supply chain as a result of the MG rover closure
138
What is a more unequal society a result of?
The movement from secondary industry to tertiary industry
139
What % of Birmingham’s population Live in areas that are among the most deprived in England?
40%
140
In the years 2004-2007 what was Birmingham ranked first in?
The most deprived area in the West Midlands
141
What % is Sutton four oaks part of?
It’s part of the top 5% of least deprived areas
142
What social factor is making urban living more sustainable?
Working with “healthy villages” to improve the health and wellbeing of residents by improving accesses to services
143
In 2012 what opened in sparkbrook?
A new community centre with 3 GP practices a library and offices for local start ups
144
What did the youth promise pledge do?
Introduced to provide employment for 14-25 year olds
145
What did Birmingham education partnership do?
They recruited and retrained teachers in the area
146
What environment impacts have been made to make urban living more sustainable?
Birmingham ranked 15 th sustainable city in the uk
Reduced carbon emissions by 12% in 2010
Gas powered buses and new bus lanes to improve transport sustainability
Recycling rate= 30.1% (although less than uk average)
£59 million promised to improve energy efficiency of Birmingham homes
