Changing cities Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
What are urban areas?
A
Built up areas, such as towns or cities.
2
Q
What are rural areas?
A
Countryside areas, where people live on small farms/villages.
3
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
Where an increasing number of the population is moving to towns and cities.
4
Q
What is a developed country?
A
One that has very high human and economic development.
5
Q
What does HIC stand for?
A
High Income Country
6
Q
What is a developing country?
A
One that has low human development.
7
Q
What does HDI stand for?
A
Human Development Index
8
Q
What does LIC stand for?
A
Low income country
9
Q
What is an emerging country?
A
One in the process of rapid growth and development with lower per capita incomes than a developed country.
10
Q
How has urbanisation changed over the past 50 years?
A
Urbanisation has increased globally.
11
Q
Which 2 emerging countries are developing rapidly?
A
China and India.
12
Q
What are two major causes of urbanisation?
A
- Rural to urban migration
- Natural increase
13
Q
What is rural to urban migration?
A
People moving from countryside to towns and cities.
14
Q
What is natural increase?
A
When birth rates exceed death rates.
15
Q
Which physical factors cause the rate of urbanisation to differ in the UK?
A
- The north and the west of the UK is mostly higher land with mountains and steep slopes, while the south and east is lower and flatter.
- North and west has thin slopes, difficult to farm and low population density.
- South and east have rich soils
- London is very densely populated.
16
Q
What historical factors cause the rate of urbanisation to differ in the UK?
A
- The industrial revolution had a big impact on population distribution.
- In the 19th century, the industrial revolution made industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Newcastle grow rapidly.
- London attracted industries and migrants in search of work.
17
Q
What economic factors cause the rate of urbanisation to differ in the UK?
A
- The UK’s economy has changed from the 1950’s to focus on transport, health and education.
- London has grown rapidly and is the centre of UK road, rail and air communications.
- London is a world centre of banking.
18
Q
What political factors cause the rate of urbanisation to differ in the UK?
A
- London is the centre of UK government and decision making.
- Businesses move or live near the capital.
19
Q
What is the site?
A
The piece of land upon which a settlement is built.
20
Q
What is the situation?
A
A settlement’s location relative to the surrounding environment and human/physical features.
21
Q
What is the site of Birmingham?
A
South facing dry point site overlooking a crossing point of the River Bea.
22
Q
What is the situation of Birmingham?
A
From the 1930’s, Birmingham spread rapidly outwards and it’s now situated in the middle of the country.
23
Q
Describe the connectivity of Birmingham.
A
It developed its own industries of jewellery, gun making and the brass trade.
24
Q
What is land use?
A
The type of buildings of other features that are found in the area.
25
What is the function?
The purpose of an area (Business, retail).
26
What is the order of the land use model?
CBD, inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs.
27
Describe Birmingham's CBD.
- One of the oldest areas of the city with department stores, bullring shopping centre, offices + local government.
- High quality urban environment with open green space, building density is high however.
28
What does CDA stand for?
Comprehensive development area.
29
Describe Birmingham's inner city.
Redeveloped in 1970's, has high density terraced houses and blocks of flats.
Few shops and little green space.
30
Describe Birmingham's suburbs.
- Some council housing but low building density with good green space.
31
Describe Birmingham's urban-rural fringe.
Mixed land use with housing, golf courses, business parks and airports.
32
Describe urbanisation in Birmingham.
(18th and 19th centuries)
Based on the manufacture of jewellery, guns, buttons and brass before factory production led to rapid urbanisation.
New estates were built for people and children arriving from countryside.
33
What is suburbanisation?
Where the suburbs on the outer edge of the settlement grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people.
34
Describe suburbanisation in Birmingham.
(1920s and 1930s)
Birmingham had to expand and large estates of council and private houses were built on large areas of land.
35
Describe counter urbanisation in Birmingham.
(1970s onwards)
Movement was boosted by redevelopment of inner city areas. New CDAs were created which forced people to move to estates on the edge of the urban area.
35
What is counter urbanisation?
Where people move from urban areas to smaller rural areas.
36
What is re-urbanisation?
People moving back to cities due to them being re-developed and more attractive for living.
37
Describe re-urbanisation in Birmingham.
(After 1990)
New centres now developed such as the mailbox and older tower blocks have been refurbished, so more people now want to live closer to them.
38
What are the 3 causes of national migration in Birmingham?
- Migration to retire (People moving to SW of England)
- Search for better job prospects (rural-urban migration to Birmingham)
- Study (young people move to universities temporarily)
39
What are the causes of international migration in Birmingham?
- In 1950s UK encouraged from former colonies in Caribbean and India to fill job shortages after WW2.
- Migrants have come from Europe in search of better pay and living standards.
- People fled from fighting to Birmingham.
40
Explain the patterns of migration on Birmingham's population structure, ethnicity, housing and services.
Immigrants in 70s sought cheap housing and found it in inner city areas.
Therefore these areas have many of these Indian communities with their shops, services and places of worship.
Recent immigrants are located at the eastern side of the city as housing is cheaper.
41
How many people live in Birmingham?
Just over 1.1 million and the population increases by about 1% each year.
42
What is population growth in Birmingham caused by?
A rising birth rate and national/international migration.
43
What is de-industrialisation?
The decline of industries in a city.
44
What are the 4 reasons for de-industrialisation?
- Globalisation
- De-centralisation
- Technological advances
- Transport developments
45
What are the impacts of de-industrialisation?
- Factories closed
- Workers made redundant
- Many brownfield sites
- Large-scale pollution of the land where former industries had taken place.
46
What leads to deprivation in Birmingham?
The decline in manufacturing industries and the flight of industry away from both inner-city and suburban sites.
47
What examples of economic change has led to inequality in Birmingham?
Decline of parts of the car industry, high unemployment and the growth of newer tertiary industries (finance, IT).
48
What does IMD stand for and what does it do?
Index of multiple deprivation, measures seven main aspects of deprivation.
49
Why has Birmingham's CBD changed?
There were four waves of de-centralisation:
- 19th century movement of people away from the high cost, noisy polluted city centre to the suburbs.
- Second wave saw movement of manufacturing industry away from the city centre to the suburbs.
- Third wave was movement of retail shops out of the city centre and new shopping centres in the suburbs., then out of town shopping centres like Merry Hill.
Merry Hill had free parking, under-cover shops, pedestrianised area.
- Fourth wave saw growth of internet shopping.
50
What is de-centralisation?
The removal of factories from a city.
51
How did the CBD fight back?
- Pedestrianising city centre.
- Encouraging stores to have a late night opening, as a result trade grew by 5%.
- Mailbox in 1998 which comprised high end retail shops, restaurants and offices.
- Bullring opened in 2003 which was a modern shopping centre with parking, and it was enclosed.
- Next phase was the redevelopment of the New Street station area.
52
What strategies have been done to make Birmingham more sustainable?
- The towpaths have been upgraded to encourage people to walk and cycle along the canals in the city.
- The Eastside City Park is a new park developed to increase the amount of green space.
- To reduce pollution, traffic has been managed by creating a park and ride scheme, encouraging the use of buses and the Birmingham metro.
- The CABLED project between 2009-2012 was designed to highlight the advantages of using electric cars.
- Birmingham has 571 parks covering 3500 hectares.
- Birmingham is building new schools for it's children and to improve the quality of education offered.
53
Describe the site of Mexico City.
Mexico City was built on an island in Lake Texcoco.
54
Describe the situation of Mexico City.
Central Plateau on which Mexico City stands is a relatively flat area surrounded by mountains.
55
Describe the connectivity of Mexico City.
It is the main point of the movement of people and goods and is connected by railways and roads.
56
What is Mexico City's culture?
A mix of indigenous and Spanish traditions of foods, music, religion and architecture.
57
What is Mexico City's population?
Over 21 million and is the largest spanish speaking city in the world.
58
What is beyond the CBD in Mexico City?
A spine of shops connected to the major shopping centre.
59
What is around the spine in Mexico City?
The elite home of the rich.
60
What is in the zone of maturity in Mexico City?
Middle class homes.
61
What is the Zone of in situ accretion?
Where new blocks of flats and houses are being built amongst existing housing.
62
What are the disamenity zones?
The poorest areas often run by drug lords.
63
What are the homes on the rural-urban fringe called?
The periferico, usually being slums and shanty towns.
64
What is the zone of gentrification?
The zone where buildings are being renovated and rebuilt.
65
What are the 3 reasons for population growth in Mexico City?
- Rural to urban migration (moving to cities for jobs, housing, schools and healthcare)
- Natural increase (fall in death rates)
- Economic investment and growth (growth in job opportunities in factories)
66
What are the causes of national migration into Mexico City?
Mexico City accounts for 75% of Mexico's GDP and 40% of it's industry.
67
What are the causes of international migration into Mexico City?
It has a unique, vibrant culture which attracts people.
68
What are the positives of migration in Mexico City?
Younger, economically active people, more multiculturalism into the city, middle income people move into houses built.
69
What are the negatives of migration in Mexico City?
High numbers of people moving into the city puts pressure on housing, leads to a growth of overcrowded shanty settlements further from the city centre.
70
Why has inequality worsened in Mexico City?
- Many people arriving in the city are poor with no job.
- It's hard to save money and competition for jobs in informal sector.
- Wages are lower.
- Wealthier people have political power, have homes in better part of city.
71
What are the impacts of rapid urbanisation in Mexico City?
- High demand for water leads to aquifers underground running dry
- Not enough housing for everyone so the poorest live in garbage dumps, recent arrivals live in shanty settlements with no electricity, running water, sanitation.
- Air pollution: City is surrounded by mountains, so this prevents the dispersal of pollutants while the high altitude and strong sun means warm days and cold nights which increases ozone production. (Leads to respiratory problems)
- Waste pollution: 13,000 tonnes of waste is produced daily, system can only remove 9000 tonnes per day so rest is dumped on streets, waterways and drains where it clogs system and pollutes water supply.
72
What are top-down projects?
Involves large scale investment from governments in a region to facilitate development. People who will be directly affected have little involvement.
73
What are bottom up projects?
Small scale investment in a local area to help promote sustainable development within communities. Supported by charities and local people have a say.
74
What top down strategies aim at making urban living more sustainable in Mexico City?
- Metrobus programme replaced old polluting buses with new buses, which have reduced carbon monoxide levels by 50% since 2005; however they are expensive so fares rise.
- Plan Verde: green management initiative that focuses on areas such as public spaces, waste handling, land use and sanitation. Creates jobs for locals however it takes a long time.
- Mercado de Trueque: a large farmers market where people exchange their rubbish and waste for green point vouchers which they then exchange for produce from local farmers. Benefits 3000 families.
75
What bottom up strategies aim at making urban living more sustainable in Mexico City?
- Community based initiatives in Neza: A group of migrants created a plan to develop the area, and raised small amounts of money through savings, built schools and improved the area through voluntary work.
- They then built a health centre and started a programme of supported self-build for people arriving from the countryside.
- As a result Mexico City now has less crime than other parts.
76
What are disadvantages of bottom-up strategies in Mexico City?
They only have a localised impact and cannot address large scale issues such as air and water pollution.
