Changing Economic World

Question 1

What does ‘de-industrialisation’ mean? Which ‘traditional industries’ have declined in the Uk?

Answer 1

The decline in manufacturing (secondary) industries in a country, e.g., steel, ships and textiles, and the growth of tertiary and quaternary industries.

Question 2

How has de-industrialisation changed the UK economy?

Answer 2

1. Fewer people work in factories as machines have replaced people in some factories, and others have closed due to competition from NEEs like China and India, which can produce goods more cheaply.
2. More people work in the tertiary (service) sector and in the quaternary sector.

Question 3

How have government policies affected the UK economy?

Answer 3

1. In the past, government spending supported traditional industries such as coal, steel, and rail.
2. Now, the government supports tertiary and quaternary industries, seeing services and the financial and high-tech sectors as key to economic growth.

Question 4

What is meant by a ‘post-industrial economy’?

Answer 4

A post-industrial economy is where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service sector and the development of the quaternary sector.

Question 5

Which industries are part of a post-industrial economy?

Answer 5

Growth industries include Information Technology (e.g., Microsoft), services (e.g., hair and beauty), finance (e.g., HSBC), and research (e.g., BioNTech).

Question 6

What are the main features of a science park?

Answer 6

1. A group of scientific and technology-based businesses located on a single site
2. Often linked to universities (e.g., York Science Park)
3. located on open, green field sites with good access.

Question 7

What are the main features of a business park?

Answer 7

1. A group of businesses located on one site that may be related to one another, benefiting from proximity (e.g., Cobalt Business Park in Newcastle).
2. They are located on the outskirts of cities near good transport links and close to housing estates. (Near to workforce)

Question 8

How can traditional manufacturing industries negatively affect the environment?

Answer 8

1. Traditional manufacturing industries, such as steel or oil refining, tend to be polluting and can include the use of toxic chemicals.
2. Waste is discharged into rivers or the sea, and chimneys can emit toxic fumes causing health issues.
3. Can cause land, water, air and visual pollution

Question 9

What are two examples of the UK’s connection to the wider world?

Answer 9

The UK is an influential member of international organizations like the G8 and NATO.

The UK is also a strong trading nation.

Question 10

How is UK culture exported worldwide? Give two examples.

Answer 10

Television shows like Dr. Who and Sherlock are successful exports.

UK musicians, such as Ed Sheeran, also enjoy global success.

Question 11

What are two examples of the UK’s transport connections to the world?

Answer 11

London Heathrow is one of the busiest airports globally.

The Channel Tunnel links the UK to France and Europe.

Question 12

What are two examples of the UK’s electronic communication connections to the world?

Answer 12

The UK is a focus for many trans-Atlantic cables linking Europe with the USA.

Arctic Fibre - between London and Tokyo

Question 13

What is the Commonwealth and its significance to the UK?

Answer 13

The Commonwealth is an association of 53 independent countries aimed at improving well-being.

It shows important trading and cultural links between the UK and Commonwealth countries.

Question 14

Name and define the main economic development indicator

Answer 14

GNI per head (Gross National Income per person) - all goods and services produced in a year, plus overseas earnings, divided by the population

Question 15

Name and define social development factors

Answer 15

Life expectancy- average age a person can expect to live to

Literacy rate - percentage of adults who can read and write

Infant mortality rate - number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1000 babies born

Question 16

Define development

Answer 16

Economic growth that leads to an improvement in people’s standard of living and quality of life

Question 17

What does HDI stand for? What are the advantages of this index over others?

Answer 17

Human Development Index

Combines a wealth indicator (GNI per head) with a health indicator (life expectancy) and an education indicator (average number of years of schooling) making it more reliable as an overall indicator of development

Question 18

Describe change in birth rates and death rates through each stage of the DTM

Answer 18

Stage 1 (high fluctuating) - high birth and death rate - population stable

Stage 2 (early expanding) - high birth rate, falling death rate - population growth

Stage 3 (late expanding) - death rate falls further, birth rate falls - population increase

Stage 4 (low fluctuating) - low birth and death rates - stable population

Stage 5 (natural decrease) - birth rate falls below death rate which increases slightly- declining population

Question 19

What does the Demographic Transition Model show about countries?

Answer 19

Shows how population changes as a country develops economically. Shows changes in birth and death rate over time and the natural increase

Question 20

In DTM, which stages is natural population increase highest and why?

Answer 20

Between stages 2 and 3

This is when there’s the biggest difference between birth and death rates - birth rate much higher than death rates so large natural increase

Question 21

Which stages of DTM are HICs, NEEs and LICs in?

Answer 21

Stage 2 - LICs - e.g. Afghanistan

Stage 3 - NEEs - e.g. Nigeria

Stage 4 - HICs - e.g. UK (or stage 5 - Japan)

Question 22

Outline challenges for countries in stages 2 and 3 of DTM

Answer 22

Rapid population growth and rapid urbanisation leads to pressure on resources, pollution, and the growth of squatter settlements in cities. The population is young with a high under 15 who must be supported by people of working age.

Question 23

Outline challenges for countries in stages 4 and 5 of DTM

Answer 23

An ageing population and declining population results in fewer people of working age. Less money to support those who have retired

Question 24

Categories of causes of uneven development

Answer 24

Physical

Economic

Historical

Question 25

Give examples of physical causes of uneven development

Answer 25

Weather hazards - tropical storms or droughts Climate related diseases - malaria Access to natural resources - fossil fuels or fertile soil

Question 26

Give examples of economic causes of uneven development

Answer 26

World trade – tends to benefit industrialised HICs who have a lot of power and sell higher value goods. LICs often compete with each other to sell lower value products and raw materials. Debt – some poorer countries borrow money to invest in infrastructure to help them develop but when interest rates rise, they can struggle to pay off the debt.

Question 27

Give examples of historical causes of uneven development

Answer 27

Colonisation – being a colony of a European country has limited the development of some African countries as they lost raw materials and people to slavery. Conflict and war – conflict is expensive and money is spent on arms rather than development, It also damages infrastructure, such as roads and pipelines.

Question 28

Give and explain an example of how uneven development can cause disparities in health

Answer 28

Life expectancy in HICs is much higher than in LICs, e.g., UK= 83 and Chad = 53. Spending on healthcare is much higher in HICs and access to healthcare is poor in rural areas of LICs. Infant mortality is much higher in HICs, UK = 4 and Chad =67. Infectious diseases and unclean water are major causes of death in LICs. In HICs vaccinations plus post-natal healthcare reduce child deaths.

Question 29

Give and explain an example of how uneven development can cause international migration

Answer 29

People migrate from LICs to HICs hoping to improve their quality of life and improve their standard of living. Each year thousands move from Africa to Europe.

Question 30

Define investment and give an example to show how investment can be used to reduce the development gap

Answer 30

Investment is when money is spent to improve the infrastructure of a country (internal investment) or happens when a foreign company (a TNC) sets up in another country (foreign direct investment). Investment creates jobs and increases peoples’ skills. People pay more taxes which gives the government money to spend on education and healthcare.

Question 31

Define industrial development and give an example to show how industrial development can be used to reduce the development gap

Answer 31

Industrial development is when there is a growth in manufacturing industries. More factories means better paid jobs for workers which means the government receives more money from taxes which can be spend on education and healthcare.

Question 32

What is the multiplier effect

Answer 32

This is the ‘snowballing’ effect in an economy. A new factory means new jobs, people have more money to spend in shops so more shop workers are needed, these workers also have more money to spend, and so it goes on. The government in the area gain more taxes which it uses to invest in the area making it even more attractive which attracts other new factories and investment.

Question 33

Define development aid

Answer 33

Aid is a form of help given by one country to another or is given by a charity such as Oxfam (a Non-Governmental Organisation or NGO). Development aid is long-term help given to help poor people improve their standard of living.

Question 34

Define intermediate technology and give an example to show how it can be used to reduce the development gap

Answer 34

Intermediate technology is technology that fits the needs of the skills, wealth, and level of education of people in community. It tends to be low-cost and small-scale. An example is hand-operated water pumps funded by WaterAid – designed to provide clean drinking water to poor, isolated rural communities.

Question 35

Define fair trade and explain how it can be used to reduce the development gap

Answer 35

A system that makes sure that people in LICs get a fair price for the product they are selling to HICs, e.g., cocoa or coffee beans. Farmers in LICs get more money which improves their quality of life. In return their must farm in an environmentally friendly way and farm ethically (e.g., not use child labour). Part of the price must also be spent on community projects such as health care or education. This improves the quality of life in the wider community.

Question 36

Define debt relief and explain how it can be used to reduce the development gap

Answer 36

Debt relief is when an HIC agreed to cancel some or all the money owed to it by an LIC. This leave the LIC with more money to spend on development, e.g., investing in better healthcare and education. In Tanzania, free healthcare is now available to all as its debt was cancelled.

Question 37

Define micro-finance and give an example to show how it can be used to reduce the development gap

Answer 37

These are very small loans given to people on very lowincomes in LICs to enable them to start up a small business. This helps to break the cycle of poverty and helps people to become more self-sufficient.