Urban Issues Flashcards
(16 cards)
Define urbanisation
The growth in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in urban areas rather than rural areas
What does the rate of urbanisation mean? Is it higher for HICs or LICs?
How fast urbanisation is happening in a country
Faster in LICs
Why is the rate of urbanisation slow in HICs
Most people in HICs already live in urban areas, population made move from countryside to city many years ago
Some people move out of urban areas, preferring to live in the countryside even though they may continue to work in towns and cities
Identify two causes of urbanisation
Rural to urban migration - people moving from countryside to cities
Natural increase - cities tend to have younger populations, so number of births is greater than the number of deaths, leading to more population growth in urban areas
Identify three push and pull factors
Push -
Poor healthcare
Low paid jobs
Polluted water
Pull -
Education
Higher paid jobs
Clean water
Explain how mechanisation of agriculture is causing rapid rural to urban migration in some LICs
Introduction of farm machinery and more technology means fewer worker are needed so people must leave rural areas to seek work in nearby cities. Young people of child-bearing age are more likely to move which drives up the birth rate in cities over time (natural increase)
Define megacity
A vey large city with a population of over 10 million
Are there more megacities in HICs or in NEEs and LICs
There are more mega cities in LICs and NEEs then in HICs
Identify a slow growing, growing and rapidly growing mega city
Slow growing - HICs - Los Angeles
Growing - NEEs - Rio de Janeiro
Rapidly - NEES / LICs - Lagos
Define urban sustainability
Improving the quality of life of people in the city, without leaving a burden on future generations
Sustainable urban development elements
Economic - affordable, provides jobs for people
Social - take account of and meet the needs of all local people
Environmental - don’t cause long term damage to the environment and don’t waste resources
Outline ways in which water can be conserved to help achieve urban sustainability
Collecting and recycling water rather than relying on mains water pumped from reservoirs, rivers or groundwater. E.g. water buts to collect water from drains for lawns and flowers in the garden
Using technology to reduce water use. E.g. dual-flush toilets and push taps in public buildings
Outline ways in which energy can be conserved to help achieve urban sustainability
Shifting to energy produced from renewable sources. E.g. wind turbines and solar panels
Using technology to reduce energy use. E.g. energy efficient washing machines and dishwashers
Outline ways in which waste can be recycled to help achieve urban sustainability
The aim is to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill or for incineration - which cause pollution
Providing separate bins for households for recyclable and garden waste
Having local tips that encourage people to separate waste out of
Outline how green spaces can be created to help achieve urban sustainability
Creating green spaces in cities is called urban greening and involves creating and conserving parks, wetlands, gardens and woodlands
Improve air quality for better health
Places for wildlife and exercise so better health and well-being
Examples of transport strategies that can be used to reduce traffic congestion
Improving public transport helps reduce congestion and increase air quality
Park and ride services- e.g. in Leeds and York where cars are parked on outskirts with buses connecting to city centres
Bus lanes along major routes to reduce journeys into the centre and encourage people to take the bus rather than the car
Cycle lanes and well signposted city walkways also encourage active travel
