Changing economic world Flashcards
(60 cards)
1
Q
global development gap
A
difference in development between more and less developed countries
2
Q
GNI (gross national income)
A
total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
3
Q
GNI per head
A
divided by population of a country
4
Q
birth rate
A
number of live births per thousand of the population per year
5
Q
death rate
A
number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
6
Q
infant mortality rate
A
number of babies who die before they are 1 - per thousand babies born
7
Q
people per doctor
A
average number of people for each doctor
8
Q
literacy rate
A
percentage of adults who can read or write
9
Q
access to safe water
A
percentage of people who can get clean drinking water
10
Q
life expectancy
A
average age a person can expect to live to
11
Q
limitations of measurements
A
its an average - variations don’t show up
12
Q
HDI
A
human development index
13
Q
what is HDI
A
calculated using income, life expectancy and education level
between 0 and 1
14
Q
What does the demographic transition model show
A
how birth rates and death rates affect population growth
15
Q
what does stage 1 of the DTM show
A
- high and fluctuating birth and death rate
- no pop growth
- low pop size
e.g tribes
16
Q
what does stage 2 of the DTM show
A
- high and steady birth rate
- rapidly falling death rate
- high pop growth
- rapidly increasing pop size
e.g Gambia
17
Q
what does stage 3 of the DTM show
A
- rapidly falling birth rate
- slowly falling death rate
- high pop growth
- increasing pop size
e.g India
18
Q
what does stage 4 of the DTM show
A
- low and fluctuating birth and death rate
- no pop growth
- high and steady pop size
e.g UK
19
Q
what does stage 5 of the DTM show
A
- slowly falling birth rate
- low and steady death rate
- negative pop growth
- slowly falling pop size
20
Q
How developed is stage 1
A
- least developed
- high birth rate - no contraception - lots of people die young - poor healthcare
- life expectancy is low
21
Q
How developed is stage 2
A
- not very developed
- birth rate is high - economy based on agriculture - lots of kids to work on farms
- better healthcare increases life expectancy
22
Q
How developed is stage 3
A
- more developed
- birth rate falls - contraception - more women work - fewer children needed
- improved healthcare - death rate falls
- life expectancy increases
23
Q
How developed are stages 4 + 5
A
- most developed
- birth rate low - high standard of living
- healthcare is good
- high life expectancy
24
Q
what physical factors can affect how developed a country is
A
- poor climate - not much can grow - malnutrition - fewer crops to sell - less money for services
- poor farming land - difficult to grow crops
- few raw materials - less to export - less money
- natural disasters - spend money rebuilding - less money for other things
25
what economic factors can cause uneven development
- poor trade links - wont make a lot of money
- lots of debt - paying back - less for services
- economy around primary products - sell for less - less money
26
what historical factors can cause uneven development
- colonisation - cant develop own industries if ruled by another - less developed - profits go to rulers
- conflict - money spent on arms and training - damage to infrastructure - death - services disrupted
27
consequences of uneven development
- wealth - impact standard of living - affording goods and services - life more comfortable
- health - lack of adequate care - people die from diseases
- international migration - moving to more developed countries - increases development gap
28
how to reduce development gap
- investment - access to better things
- aid (money or resources given) - money used for development projects
- Fair Trade - buyers pay extra - farmers receive premium to help develop area
- using intermediate technology - improve life quality - easy to use - affordable - cheap to maintain
- microfinance loans - small loans given - benefit from higher incomes - invest in things
- industrial development - boosts GNI and development
- debt relief (some or all country debt is relieved) - more money to spend on development
29
Social ways that tourism has helped reduce the development gap in Jamaica
- life expectancy has increased
- better education and healthcare
30
Economic ways that tourism has helped reduce the development gap in Jamaica
- provides over 20% of government income
- employs over 300,000 Jamaicans - pay taxes
- contributed to 30% of Jamaica's
GNI in 2016
31
Countries that border Nigeria and ocean
- Niger
- Chad
- Cameroon
- Benin
- Atlantic Ocean
32
Why is Nigeria important regionally
- largest number of cattle and largest agricultural output in whole of Africa
- part of African Union
33
Why is Nigeria important globally
- 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions around the world
- worlds highest average GNI growth rate for 2015 - 2020
34
Cultural development in Nigeria
+ football, film, music enjoyed worldwide and fund country, generate tax and income
- only certain things exported - much more to Nigeria
35
Environmental development in Nigeria
+ trade and exporting means more money earned so can develop
- weather changes around country so some places only able to grow things or have cattle and some places not
- pests
36
Social development in Nigeria
+ multi faith and cultural area has attracted people from other areas
- war between faiths - Civil War
- economic inequality between faiths in North and South
- Rise in extremists - tension
37
Political development in Nigeria
+ much more stable with fair elections so is developing
- corruption means not stability
- civil war means people not visiting
- dictatorship means unfair decisions - money not spent wisely
38
Industrial structure
relative proportion of the workforce employed in difference sectors of the economy
39
Primary sector
- gathering raw materials from the Earth - farming / fishing
40
Secondary sector
- involves manufacturing, building or processing raw materials into finished products
41
Tertiary sector
provides a service - banking / sales / caring
42
Quaternary sector
involves high tech industries in research
43
Advantages of TNCs (trans national corporation)
- provide employment
- support growth of own energy sector - improvements in access to electricity
- supports jobs - multiplier effect
- make major contribution in taxes and export revenues
- establish charity programmes
- bring investment, modern tech and skills
- push up wages as earn more than local companies
44
Disadvantages of TNCs (trans national corporation)
- shell nigeria owned by brits and dutch - not all profits stay in nigeria
- environmental issues common
- work long hours for little
- serious environmental consequences
45
what is the multiplier effect
one thing leading to another
46
what are TNCs
a large company that operate in several countries. Headquarters in one country - production plants in others. locate in LICs and NEEs for chap labour, lower tax, wider markets and less environmental laws
47
Nigerias political relationships
- part of british empire
- ruled by britain until independance
- now has political freedom and equal status with all countries
48
Nigerias trading relationship
- long trading history with Britain
- Slaves then palm oil
- exported natural commodities to Britain , imported manufactured goods
- trade with USA , china and India
49
what is bilateral aid
aid given from one country to another
50
multilateral aid
aid from international organisations e.g world bank
51
voluntary aid
aid from non governmental organisations - funded by general public
52
Deindustrialisation in uk
decline of countries traditional manufacturing industry industry - exhaustion of raw materials
53
Industrial base in uk
uk economy based in manufacturing - able to earn money and develop
54
globalisation in uk
created a more interconnected world - increases movements of trade and goods
55
government policies
decisions made by a government to manage issues in a country
56
What are science and business parks
purpose built areas of offices, labs and warehouses. often at edge of a city near good transport links, often near unis
57
advantages of science and business parks
- edge of town so cheaper land
- businesses benefit by being close together
- access is good on edge of city
- less traffic congestion
- land available for expansion
- workers are nearby
- green and attractive
58
improvements and developments to uk's infrastructure
- train route upgrades so more reliable and fast and increased capacity
- new port terminals built and money invested to make them better
- more connecting roads and improves roads
- new terminals built at airports to allow more ot visit
59
Uk North South divide
NORTH
- higher unemployment levels
- more hills and mountains
- harder to build in some areas
- lower house prices as less demand
SOUTH
- high employment
- more flat, fertile land
- higher house prices as more demand
60
strategies to reduce North South divide
improving transport links
- Northerners can access by roads and ports and train services
Investment in business and technology
- funding for businesses in north
