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Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

urbanisation

A

growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas (55% of world live urban)

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2
Q

rate of urbanisation

A

the change in size of urban populations over time

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3
Q

what percent of people in HICs live in urban areas

A

80%

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4
Q

what is rate of urbanisation in HICs like

A

low - usually under 1%

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5
Q

examples of HIcs

A

uk japan america

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6
Q

example of NEEs

A

india brazil

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7
Q

example of LICs

A

ethiopia afghanistan

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8
Q

what percent of population in LICs live in urban areas

A

30%

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9
Q

what is rate of urbanisation in LICs like

A

high-up to 6%

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10
Q

what percent of population in NEEs live in urban areas

A

50% can be higher

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11
Q

what is rate of urbanisation in NEEs like

A

2%

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12
Q

push factors of urbanisation
(away from area)

A
  • natural disasters
  • less jobs (rural)
  • desertification
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13
Q

pull factors of urbanisation
(towards area)

A
  • more jobs
    -better healthcare
  • better quality of life
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14
Q

what else is urbanisation caused by

A
  • natural increase in population (birth rate exceeds death rate)
  • more young people move to cities - have children
  • better healthcare increases life expectancy
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15
Q

what is a megacity

A

city with more than 10 million - e.g mumbai
most in LICs and NEEs

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16
Q

how many megacities now

A

34

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17
Q

where are most megacities

A

LICs and NEEs - more in asia and africa

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18
Q

why do megacities happen

A
  • natural increase
  • economic development
  • migration
  • location (transport routes e.g ports)
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19
Q

why has Rio grown

A

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
- migration from other south american countries - bolivia
- economic crisis - venezuela
- visa free entry into brazil from bolivia
- trans national corporation - attracts skilled worked from usa and europe
- portugeuse language attracts portugal people
RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION
- development of amazon
- building hydroelectric powerplant forces people of land
- economic and social opportunites created due to rio becoming industrial, commercial and tourist centre
- limited social and economic opportunities in poor rural areas
- little minerals, poor communication, transport, health, education, electricity
- lots of hospitals and schools
- trading industry
NATURAL POPULATION INCREASE
- cities have younger population - more people to have children
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- high temp, droughts, poor soil so move to cities

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20
Q

what are formal economic opportunities

A
  • legal
  • pay tax
    hotels, banking, teaching,
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21
Q

what are informal economic opportunities

A
  • outside law
  • irregular pay
  • no tax
    street vendors
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22
Q

challenges of living in Rio

Study These Flashcards
A

-favellas, squatter settlements -not supposed to be there - less desirable land
- landsildes likely - poor acces to services - 12% have clean water - diseases - high infant mortality rate - high unemployment - high illiteracy rate - high drug and gang and crime rate - little healthcare - life expectancy = 48 - 68% of pregnant women get care - not much waste disposal - air pollution - water pollution - traffic

23
Q

what are they doing to improve favelas - favela bairro project

Study These Flashcards
A
  • streets tidied up
  • football pitches
  • new sewage canals
  • cable cars connecting favelas
  • community centres
  • pacification police to get rid of drug gangs
  • funding for materials
  • local businesses set up e.g mcdonalds - employment
  • basic services have been initiated
  • school attendance increased (not many teachers)
24
Q

where are most cities

Study These Flashcards
A

lowland areas - good access to natural resources e.g coal - newcastle and leeds
coastal areas - harbours and ports e.g liverpool and cardiff
London - 9 million (16% of national pop)

25
city zones
central bussiness district - middle, most services here, often surrounded by ring road inner city - residential with some bussineses and rec parks, short parallel roads, terraced housing suburbs - towards edge of city, mainly residential, semi detached housing, short curved streets rural urban fringe - edge of city, farmland and open spaces, new housing developments, large retail and bussines parks
26
what is a metropolis
large and busy city
27
why is the uk important nationally
- generates 22% of uks income - home to uk government who make uk decisions - headquaters of uk companies - attracts tourists
28
why is the uk important internationally
- timezones measured from greenwhich - universities attract international students - close links with europe - airports and eurostar - global bank headquarters HSBC and barclays - world heritage sites - 40% of worlds foreign currencies traded here - most start - up internet firms in europe - shard owned by foreign countries
29
why has London grown (up and down)
NATIONAL FACTORS - industrial revolution 1760 - 1840 - WW2 (pop shrunk) people left - evacuated - suburbs grew (inner city bombed) - better transport / new towns - live outside of london and commute in INTERNATIONAL FACTORS - immigration (irish famine) - commonwealth citizens - jewish migration - germany - europeans - EU (1973)
30
impacts of uk migrants
- wealthy young graduates living in london - large housing estates for bombed inner city residents - student accomodation attracting services for younger population - suburbanisation and counter urbanisation leads to dereliction in inner city areas - high crimes
31
impacts of international migrants
- more than 100 languages spoken which is difficult for services - diverse city holds lots of cultural events e.g Notting hill carnival and chinese new year - increased racial / ethnic tension so is a target for terrorist attacks - people from same background gather in same area - services cater for that group
32
social and economic opportunities in london
- cultural mix (notting hill carnival) - recreation and entertainment (wembly stadium) (covent gardent) - wide range of jobs (education, finance) (public administrations - civil service) (retail) - intergrated transport systems - rail, bike, taxi, underground, bus (oyster cards - easier and faster which improves accesibility)(reduces environmental issues - pollution and congestion) international travel
33
environmental opportunities
- urban greening (creating, increasing and protecting green spaces) e.g parks in london - open green space = 38% of all land area in london - cycling and pedestrian routes - people don't drive reducing pollution
34
environmental challenges
- dereliction - ground contaminated and buildings unsafe -
35
urban greening
- living walls and roofs attract wildlife, space efficient, provides insulation, reduces noise, improves air quality, maintaining them provides jobs - parks and gardens e.g hyde park, recreational space contributes to healthier lifestyle, used for recreational events, heath and commons in suburbs - ecology parks and wetlands use brownfield sites to create wildlife areas e.g bow creek ecology park and provides recreational opportunities, protects against flooding - allotments and urban farms encourage biodiversity and grow healthy fruit and veg, better physical health, sense of community
36
brownfield sites
+ more sustainable + helps to revive old industrial areas + new employment opportunities + gentrification improves area + infrastructure already there + redevelopment means more people come into cities + public transport easier + easier to get planning permission - traffic congestion as old road networks no longer sufficient - sites may be contaminated - traditional residents no longer afford homes due to gentrification
37
greenfield sites
+ land is cheaper + on edge of towns and cities so less congestion and more space with a more pleasant environment + new sites easier to build on - not sustainable - town centres die as services move out to green field sites
38
North London Waste Authority
collect and dispose of waste from 7 of london borough - 6 recycling centres -a waste incinerator -composting plant - 3 waste transfer stations teach people about reducing waste through visiting festivals, libraries, community centres, pumpkin recipies, give and take days to stop people throwing out old furniture or less often electrical products, clothes swapping events, clothes repair workshops, work closely with primary schools
39
what are the environmental challenges of urbanisation
- dereliction - building on brownfield and greenfield sites - waste disposal
40
what are social and economic challenges
- urban deprivation - housing inequality - education and employment inequality - unhealthy lifestyle
41
what causes deprivation and inequality
factories closing --> inner city area declines --> unemployment --> derelict buildings --> people leave --> leaves behind elderly and disadvantaged population --> unhealthy behaviour --> lower life expectancy --> lower health --> low levels of aspiration --> low educational attainment --> can't get better jobs immigrants come and gather in these areas --> lack of language communication --> difficulty in schools or education
42
kensington and chelsea
- high house prices - over a million pounds - good gcse grades - higher life expectancy - less unemployment
43
newham
- lower houses prices - 240,000 pounds - lower gcse grades - lower life expectancy - more unemployment
44
what does urban deprivation mean
people in cities not having acces to same resources, services and opportunities as others. is an economic and social challenge as people have poor housing, low incomes, few qualifications
45
urban regeneration example
olympic site and lower lea valley - stratford was an extremely deprived area
46
social features of olympic site
+ new homes - rent is high + aquatic centre + new school opened
47
economic features of olymoic site
+ new jobs in construction, retail, tourism + investment went into improving transport - existing businesses moved out - flats pulled down
48
environmental features
+ grounds kept as parkland + river lea cleaned and areas along bank cleaned + new neighbourhoods with green spaces planned + new plants and trees planted
49
example of sustainable urban living
BedZED
50
what is BedZED
Beddingtion Zero Energy Development
51
where is BedZED
15 km south of central london in borough of sutton
52
what is a sustainable city
an urban area where residents have a way of life that will last a long time and the environment is not damaged, local people earn income and are involved in decision making
53
how is BedZED made sustainable
energy conservation - low energy lighting and appliances - thicker walls water conservation - waste water recycling plant - drainage system - seperate waste in kitchens (60% of waste is recycled) creating green space - green roofs - sky gardens to attract birds and insects - trees take out CO2
54
traffic managment
- congestion causes pollution - congestion causes lateness, delays - companies lose money - congestion causes social problems - higher chance of accidents, health issues, stress managed by - using public transport - managing traffic flow - ring roads - pedestrian areas - bus lanes parking restrictions - congestion charging

Geography (2 decks)

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