Changing economic world Flashcards
(24 cards)
Name the 9 development indicators (HARD)
Gross national income (GNI) per capita (head), birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rate, access to safe water%, Human development index (HDI)
What are the problems with development indicators
Missing or inaccurate data due to corruption or different ways of calculating, some farmers work really hard growing their own crops and there’s no record of their efforts, national income data is an average so the range might be crazy (big poverty and big rich men) SO composite factors like HDI are far more useful
How many stages of development are there and what are they like?
There are 5 stages, stage 1 has high birth rate and death rate, stage 2 has less death rate, stage three has a lot more natural increase and the birth rate decreases as more contraception and education for women, stage 4 has low birth and death rate and high natural increase, stage five natural increase slows a bit
What is the Brandt line?
an old way to divide the world into more and less economically developed. It is outdated because now china is massive and some South American countries are richer than some European ones
What are some physical causes of uneven development?
poor farming due to poor soils or erosion, lack of raw materials, climate could be rubbish for agriculture, natural hazards mean they struggle a bit more
What are the two historical causes of uneven development?
colonisation exploited many countries, conflict means money is spent of military and not things like healthcare
What are the economic causes of uneven development?
poor trade links, debt to richer countries, stuck in the primary industry which has less value
What are the eight ways i need to remember for reducing the development gap?
Investment (foreign direct investment -FDI- where companies invest in property and infrastructure of other countries), industrial development (moving on from th primary industry), tourism, aid, intermediate technology (affordable tech), fair trade (fair price to producers of primary goods and extra can improve community), debt relief (cancellation or reduction), micro finance (small business loans typically)
What are the consequences of uneven development?
wealth and health disparities (UK on average earns 40x people in Chad), international migration
How does tourism reduce the development gap in Jamaica?
Popular tourist destination for warm climate, reggae culture and beaches when it is a slow growing economy with debt and high unemployment, by 2014 tourism was 224% of GDP, provides 200,000 jobs spent locally (multiplier effect)
What is Nigeria’s context in the world?
2.7% of world’s oil, rapidly expanding economy (emerging economic GIANT), range of environments from rainforest to savannah, nollywood film industry 2nd largest in the world, very youthful population and relatively well educated (huge workforce), stable democracy despite extremist Boko Haram in North
What are the impacts of development in Nigeria?
better quality of life (inequality between north and south), squatter settlements, poor waste management, air pollution, 70-80% forests cleared, industrial pollution into water
How has Nigeria’s industry changed
moved from mostly primary to mostly secondary and tertiary (balanced economy yay), manufacturing grown, oil is biggest export (14% of GDP),
What does Nigeria receive aid for and from where?
$5 billion in 2013 from wealthier countries for development (such as mosquito nets and immunisations), debts cancelled in 2005 as part of UN millennium development goals
What is a TNC?
Trans national corporation (Eg shell)
what are the advantages of a TNC?
investment in local infrastructure and higher wages, employment and new skills learnt, new tech, multiplier effect, global links through globalised companies
What are the disadvantages of a TNC
profits leave country, poor working conditions and pay, could leave at any moment if they get a better offer, some damage to environment and exploitation to natural resources
What has caused economic change in the UK?
deindustrialisation (less coal less manufacturing more tertiary and even quaternary), globalisation (cheaper jobs overseas), government policies (improving infrastructure like HS2 rail (which never actually happened idk why that’s on there) encouraging small businesses with loans and support, tax breaks for TNCs who work here)
How are things changing economically in the UK?
moving to a post industrial economy (service industry, finance industry, science and business, research, info tech), improving transport infrastructure like road capacity being increased, crossrail to increase london’s rail capacity, Liverpool 2 container port, proposed new runway in Heathrow
What are the impacts of the economic changed in the UK?
Environmentally it can be a bit bad and also polluting, increased traffic and houses are expensive and local shops dont get used as much because you could just go to Cambridge or something
What is the north-south divide?
The divide between the relatively wealthy south of England and the poorer north
What are some strategies to decrease the north south divide?
devolution (power to local councils), enterprise zones (encourage businesses with reduced taxes, relaxed planning regulations and superfast broadband)
What is an example of an environmentally sustainable modern industrial development?
Torr quarry, Somerset
How is Torr quarry being all good and sustainable?
Well first off it’s a limestone quarry employing 100 people and quarrying 5 mil tonnes a year and making £15 mil annually, it’s being restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply, regular monitoring of noise, dust and water, rail transport for 75% of rock minerals minimises road congestion
