Changing Economic World Flashcards

Question

What disparities in WEALTH does uneven development cause? (Give specific examples) - CEW

Answer 1

People in developed countries are wealthier than those in less developed. Significant gap in living standards. GNI/Capita is 40x higher in the UK than in Chad. Wealth is heavily concentrated in areas, with the USA having 35% of global wealth, whilst Africa has 1%

Answer 2

Life expectancy in HICs is higher than in LICs due to a gap in investment in healthcare. In the UK it is 81, compared to 51 in Chad. Infant mortality rates are higher in LICs due to infectious diseases and less access to safe water. In the UK it is 4/1000 compared to 85/1000 in Chad

Answer 3

Many people migrate from LICs to HICs due to better standards of life in HICs. Opportunities abroad.

Answer 4

11 million Mexicans live illegally in the USA | The UAE is made up of 83% foreigners, with 2.8 million Indians. Many work in construction

Answer 5

S - Lack of education, poor healthcare, poor housing Ec - High taxes, few well paid jobs, a country in debt Env - Drought, poor crop yields, lack of green spaces

Answer 6

S - higher education (uni), access to hospitals/ GPs, better houses Ec - Cheaper taxes, better employment, high government funding Env - Good water supplies, fertile soils, low pollution

Answer 7

A TNC is a company which operates in a range of countries HQs, sales and research in HICs Manufacture in LICs

Answer 8

A TNC builds a factory for manufacturing in an LIC with low taxes and a skilled workforce. The TNC and their workers pay taxes to the government of a country, which can be invested in schools, healthcare and infrastructure. A population becomes better educated and healthier. Opportunities for new investments in higher paid jobs by new TNCs

Answer 9

Fair trade helps improve trading conditions, ensuring farmers get a fair price for crops by advocating the higher price for exporters of products like coffee, cocoa, sugar, bananas, chocolate. Extra money helps improve healthcare, education and infrastructure in regions

Answer 10

Technology that is sustainable and appropriate to the skills, wealth, knowledge and needs of the local people. PUMPKIN TANK - made from concrete and strengthened with wire so unlikely to break, sustainable. Made from locally available materials, and can be fixed with local materials. Simple to use.

Answer 11

Nokia set up plan to stimulate local business in Uganda, with loans financed by a bank. Someone in village receives loan to set up business with a phone, an aerial, a battery. Used by people to make calls. Profit repays the loan whilst money goes into the community through investment. Profit can improve healthcare, education.

Answer 12

In 2005, 68 wealthy countries agreed to cancel debts if countries could manage own economies, show there was no corruption, agree to spend cancelled debt on education, healthcare and reducing poverty. Means a country can afford to invest in social infrastructure.

Answer 13

A hotel is opened, creating jobs in service sector. Workers and tourists spend money in the local economy which means a government receives more taxes. This money can be used to expand an airport to increase the tourist industry.

Answer 14

10% of Kenya's jobs are created by tourism Foreign currency used by tourists can be invested into healthcare and education to improve quality of life Enables local people to learn skills in construction and tourism sectors

Answer 15

Foreign companies often bring foreign workers to do skilled jobs, so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work Pollution from tourism can damage wildlife habitats Profits often don’t stay in the local community, and go to the HQ of the hotel company

Answer 16

Investment - wages and working conditions can be low, most of the profit leaves host country and goes to home of the TNC Industrial - can lead to rapid rural-urban migration resulting in squatter settlements, industry can create industrial waste and loss of biodiversity Aid - large scale aid projects can lead to debts if not managed, countries can become aid dependent

Answer 17

Technology - small scale projects may not have the same status as larger projects like HEP Dams Fair trade - farmers have to pay for cost of certification (hard for some farmers), big companies claim to be fairtrade, but only some products are

Answer 18

Debt relief - countries may risk debt in the hope that they will be allowed debt relief if it cannot be repaid Microfinance - if not paid back, can lead to debt

Answer 19

Nigeria is located in Western Africa on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. To the West is Benin, and to the North is Niger

Answer 20

Global - Nigeria is the world's 12th largest oil provider, 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping Regional - Africa's biggest economy, part of ECOWAS, 167 million population

Answer 21

Mainly Muslim North of the country, Christians in the South. Tensions created by Muslims and Christians due to actions of extremist group Boko Haram

Answer 22

Nollywood is in the top 3 film industries in the world | Has won AFCON 3 times, Super Eagles, hosted U20 World Cup

Answer 23

North is semi desert due to high temperatures, low rainfall | South is rainforest-like, with a high annual rainfall, humid

Answer 24

``` Nigerian Life Expectancy - 53 UK Life Expectancy - 81 Indicates lower standards of healthcare Nigeria literacy rate - 61% UK literacy rate - 99% Indicates better education standards ```

Answer 25

Traditional - farming, millet, cocoa beans, chocolate | Today - manufactures secondary goods due to rise in industry like cars and pharmaceuticals

Answer 26

The majority of the population speaks English (former colony), rapid technological advances and use of telecommunications

Answer 27

Sits on huge oil reserves in the Niger Delta. 12th largest oil exporter in the world, home to oil TNCs like Shell

Answer 28

Nigeria has a skilled workforce and is rich in natural resources. Has low taxes.

Answer 29

Jobs - unemployment decreases as TNCs being new jobs and careers to Nigeria Tax - provide money to local economies and govt. through taxation of the TNC and the jobs Investment - the tax money can be invested in social services like schools and hospitals

Answer 30

Env - can result in oil spills in Niger Delta reducing biodiversity, damage water Conditions - basic working conditions as Nigeria may not have health standards or minimum wage Profit - any profit made can often leave the LIC and return to the HQ of the TNC

Answer 31

ECOWAS - Leading member of Africa's economies UN - 5th largest contributor of UN peacekeeping troops Imports - petroleum from USA and EU, cars from Brazil

Answer 32

35% of Nigeria's people live below the national poverty line

Answer 33

4% of all African aid goes to Nigeria

Answer 34

75% of the population in poverty lives in rural areas

Answer 35

'Nets for Life', where NGOs give mosquito nets to prevent malaria. Better for aid to go to communities than governments due to corruption

Answer 36

Oil spills in the Niger delta. Caused by careless drilling, decreases biodiversity, contaminates water. Soil erosion in the North, deforestation, over-cultivation, desertification/loss of biodiversity Air pollution in cities, rise in industry and greenhouse gas production, respiratory issues

Answer 37

Increase in life expectancy - 41 to 52 in 2015 Growth of GDP - now classed as an NEE and a middle income country Literacy rate increased from 55% to 59% in 2015

Answer 38

1 in 4 children used to go to secondary school | 481,000 children now receive education

Answer 39

10% of Kenya's jobs are created by tourism

Answer 40

Mechanisation of farming and business has led to workers being replaced with more reliable and cheaper machines Crops and resources are cheaper from abroad can be mass produced and harvested using cheap labour Nearly 50% of people in the UK apply for university, resulting in a high demand for graduate jobs in services and quaternary industries

Answer 41

The availability of natural resources has declined in the UK as we have used them, or they are too expensive UK factories have closed and manufacture has moved abroad to LICs where wages are lower and health and safety is worse The UK's manufacture sector is less productive than others and the industries could pollute the environment

Answer 42

In the 1970s and 80s the government privatised and sold many companies which cost jobs in coal and steel production The government invested £5bn in high tech research and development Primary industries are restricted by laws (fishing under EU quotas) There is more investment in quaternary and tertiary industries

Answer 43

The growth and spread of ideas globally such as the spread of cultures, money, goods or industry

Answer 44

1800s - 75% primary, 15% secondary, 10% tertiary | 1900s - 30% primary, 55% secondary, 15% tertiary

Answer 45

Industries like coal and steel closed as firms chose to import resources from abroad where labour and land were cheaper

Answer 46

2000s - 2% primary, 15% secondary, 74% tertiary, 9% quaternary The government aims to rebalance the economy by creating a manufacturing boom

Answer 47

An economy in which there is a decline in primary and secondary industries and a rise in tertiary and quaternary industries

Answer 48

Hambleton is in Central North Yorkshire, North of York More people commute to work by car, reducing bus service demand. Higher house prices in villages because of high demand meaning young people move away. Village shops close as people shop in areas in which they commute

Answer 49

Lack of affordable housing, high petrol prices due to high demand, loss of agricultural land as farmers sell their land for housing

Answer 50

In North West England, South of Cockermouth and Carlisle. Low achievement in schools and fewer children of school age as a population ages, leading to school closures. Young people move in search of work as most of it is seasonal, primary. As the population ages, there are fewer young people able to care for older people

Answer 51

Services need subsidising in order to keep them in business. Wages are low and unemployment is high. Tax revenues are low as few people earn enough to pay tax.

Answer 52

Road - smart motorways increase motorway efficiency, 100 new road schemes by 2020. £2bn investment in a road widening scheme in SW England Rail - HS2 will link major UK cities (Birmingham, London, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield) but at environmental costs. Electrification of Trans-pennine Express will reduce journeys by 20 mins

Answer 53

Airports - 3rd Heathrow runway is planned whilst another new runway is planned at Gatwick to improve UK tourism Ports - Liverpool 2 port will double Liverpool's port capacity and create 1000s of jobs, whilst a new terminal at Felixstowe will improve port capacity

Answer 54

Northern Powerhouse launched in 2015 to stimulate economic growth. Improve transport, ports, tourism, energy, industry. Devolving power to Northern cities as is done in SCOT, WALES, NIR, in order to give more control in budgeting in their regions Enterprise zones created since 2011, encourage companies to locate in areas of high unemployment by reducing taxes, improving infrastructure and allowing the building of industrial buildings

Answer 55

Northern based industries have declined as they move abroad. Alternative energies has reduced reliance on coal-mining. London and South-East developed due to rises in the service sector

Answer 56

Trade - trades widely with the EU, USA and China, importing £59bn worth of goods from Germany. Culture - TV exports contribute over £1bn per year of shows like Dr Who, Sherlock. Markets expanding in China Transport - Heathrow is one of the world's busiest airports with connecting flights worldwide. Channel tunnel links UK + EU

Answer 57

Comms- the UK is a vital link of comms between the US and EU, whilst a line between London and Tokyo links UK and Asia EU - membership gives UK tariff free trade, freedom of movement and cultural opportunities. £130bn of trade with EU Commonwealth - group of 53 states linked by previous British rule. Trade and cultural links between countries

Answer 58

Waste can be discharged into rivers as effluent, waste burned and buried as landfill, heavy pollution from combustion, potential for oil spills

Answer 59

Benefits the UK by creating 5.8% of the UK's chemical industry. Industry generates £28m annually for the UK Creates 5% of the UK's CO2 emissions, damages air and water quality due to effluent released into North Sea by ICI and British Steel

Answer 60

Carbon capture - removing carbon from industrial emissions and storing it in liquid form will reduce Teesside's CO2 emissions by 90% Renewable energy - new biomass plant uses wood to power 80,000 houses. EDF has built wind farm of 27 turbines

Answer 61

Research - employs 60,000 highly qualified people, contrives £3bn to UK economy. Held at universities with skilled graduates Sci + Business Parks - House quaternary industries, associated with universities so there are skilled graduates, located near transport/infrastructure

Answer 62

IT - employs 1.3 million people and transforms the way we live and work through high internet speeds and smartphones Finance - employs 2 million people in banking and insurance businesses. Accounts for 10% of the UK's GDP. London acts as the UK's finance hub