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AQA GCSE Geography > Changing Economic World - United Kingdom > Flashcards

Changing Economic World - United Kingdom Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Globalisation

A

The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in the movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism) worldwide

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2
Q

Deindustrilisation

A

The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs

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3
Q

What phase is the UK in

A

Post-industrial

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4
Q

Governement Policy

A

A plan or course of action decided by a government to manage issues in a country

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5
Q

Changes in employment structure in the UK overtime

A

Primary sector decreased rapidly

Secondary sector peaked in 1900 then decreased

Tertiary increased rapidly after 1900

Quaternary sector started to increase after 1950

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6
Q

Main causes of deindustrilisation

A

Increasing cost of production

Globalisation

Declining investment leading to less competitiveness

Changing governmnet policies

Cycle of decline

Increased competitiveness of tertiary industries thank to education and technology

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What is deindustriliastion doing in the UK

A

Decreasing percentage of jobs in manufacturing industry

Government policy shifted aaway from industries like coal mining - resulting in loss of 30,000 coal mines actoss UK

Globalisation has caused competition - Decrease in UK jobs because of imports

Local business struggle = de-multiplier effect

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9
Q

Positive impact of globalisation on the UK

A

Economic growth - trade with the rest of the world

Cheaper goods and services - items are produced in countries were people are paid lower wages than UK

High value production - manufacturing and service workers are paid better money = UK earns more

Migration - Migrants come to the UK to fill jobs

Foreign Investment - invest in UK bringing new ideas, technology and jobs

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10
Q

Negative impact of globalisation

A

Outsourcing Jobs - Jobs that were previously done in UK are done elsewhere = loss of jobs/lower wages in UK

Inequality - Gap between low paid workers and high paid skilled workers is increasing

Less manufacturing - More imports of manufactured goods, means fewer goods are produced in UK

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11
Q

Post Industrial Economy

A

THe economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industries

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12
Q

Examples of industries in the UKs post industrial/teritary sector

A

Finance

Development of technology

Research, Science and business parks

Service industries

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13
Q

Agglomeration

A

Similar businesses cluster together to share ideas

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14
Q

Growth Corridors

A

An area of the country where the economy is growing

Often along a major transport route linking two or more cities

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15
Q

How does the M4 contribute to the economy

A

Produces 8% of the UKs economic output

Home to high tech industry - well known industry

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16
Q

Example of a post industrial UK economy

A

Cambridge Science Park

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17
Q

Describe the location of Cambridge Science park

A

80km North of London

3km from Cabridge city centre

Close to London and Stanstead airport

Access to A14 and M11

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18
Q

Key Characteristics of Cambridge Science Park

A

7,250 jobs

Open green space with plenty of parking

1,500 bio-technology companies

UKs major hub for high-tech industry

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19
Q

Benefits to Cambridge due to the Science Park

A

Investment in local public transport sector

Reputation brings investment

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20
Q

Disadvantages for Cambridge due to the Science park

A

House prices are rising due to demand in area

Traffic and pedestrian congestion

Rail and road links cant cope with the demand

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Effect of information technology on the economy

A

Mobile devices/smartphones enable information to be accessed almost anywhere

Comminications using satellite and internet promote the flow of information

Stimulates growth of incdustries as well as service and research

People are able to work from home and be self-employes

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23
Q

Effect of service industries on the economy

A

The largest sector in the UK - in employment and economic output

Financial sector employs over 2million people and contributes about 10% to the UKs GDP

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24
Q

Effect of development in reasearch on the economy

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A

It employs over 60,000 highly educated people - contributes £3 billion ot UK economy

Research is linked to UK universities

Research is conducted by both government bodies and private organisations

Likely to be one of the UKs fastest growing industrial sectors in the future

25
Business Parks
Usually involve a group of small businesses on a single plot of land They can involve retailing and small scale manufacturin as well as research development they often benefit from association with other companies
26
Science parks
Tap into research and emplot recent graduates to apply academic knowledge to business innovation Benefit from collabaration to share facilities
27
negative impacts of primary and secondary industries on the enviroment
Waste materials are often toxic, polluting the land and water supplies Gas and soot emissions from burning coal polluted the air landscapes in coal mining areas became tranformed by ugly spoil heaps
28
Example of a modern industrial development becoming sustainable
Torr Quarry Somerset
29
Harmful effects of Quarrying on the enviroment
Natural habitats were damaged and destroyed Landscapes were transformed - often leaving ugly scars Water sources were polluted Extensive noise pollution and damage caused by huge lorries Exhaust emissions caused atmospheric pollution
30
Potential postives of Torr Quarry for the industry
£15million towards the local economy - over 100 people are meployed there Restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply Planting trees and grass
31
How is the limestone Quarrying in Torr sustainable
Chippings are transported by rail rather than road to minimise the enviromental impact There is regular monitoring of water quality, airborne emissions and noise 60 hectacres of the site have already been restored, with grass and trees Future restoration will include the creation of lakes for wildlife and recreation
32
Potential negatives of Torr Quarry for the industry
Local issues with air pollution Noise pollution Mostly lower paid and lower skilled workers
33
Rural area that is seeing population growth
South Cambridgeshire Because of economic opportunities - jobs/employment
34
What are the negative impacts of population growth in South cambridgeshire
Increased traffic congestion - reduced demand for public transport High costs in houses - unaffordable Reduction in agricultural employment Petrol prices are higher - Increase in demand Pressure on services
35
Why rural area is seeing population decline
Outer Hebrides Migration outward Limited opportunities - in search for better jobs
36
What are the negative impacts of population decline on Outer Hebrides
Schools are due to close - less children = decline in education Foreign owned ships dominate deep-sea fishing - decrease in local fishing Young people move = fewer workers No support for ageing population
37
How are roads being developed
Many busy motorways are being converted to 'smart motorways' - controls traffic flow and reduces congestion Over 100 new road schemes by 2020 Over 1,600 km of new lanes will be added to busy motorwats and major roads
38
Why are smart motorways being scrapped
Due to safety risk
39
How is the rail network being developed
London's Crossrail - £15 billion project - 32km under central London - reduce commuting times Electrfication of Trans-Pennine Expressway HS2 (High speed 2) - £50 billion project - controversial where it runs close to high valued countryside settlements
40
Reasons for HS2
Thousands of jobs in the Midlands and Northern England It is estimated to generate £40 billion for the UK economy It will increase number of rail passengers - transport is more sustainable Reduce number of people who fly between UK cities Faster to travel between cities Carbon neutral because reduces journeys that use other transport
41
Reasons against HS2
More likely to create jobs in london - people will commute there instead The cost of HS2 is estimated £42billion - difficult to predict how much money it will generate Existing rail routes can be improved instead THe number of eople flying within the UK is already falling People dont want to travel any faster - routes are already fast It will increase CO2 emissions - hgih speed needs more power
42
WHat have been the development in ports
UK has always been a trading nation Exports and imports goods through large ports - London, Liverpool, Grimsby and Southhampton Largest port industry in Eurpe Employs 120,000 people and handles 32 million passengers a year
43
What have been the developments on airports
Airports account for 3.6% of UKs GDP Provides thousands of jobs and boosts local economies 750,000 flights depart from the UK UKs airports handle close to 200million passengers a year
44
Heathrow Expansion
In 2016 the governement announced it plans to construct a third runway The controversial decision has impacts on local communities Expected to cost ove £18.6 bullion - one of the most expensive infastructure porjects in UK Strict enviromental limits to reduce harmful emissions and limit aircraft noise Create thousadns of jobs and boost the economy
45
The North-South Divide
The economic and cultural differences between Southern England and Northern England There are clear differences in health condtions, house procesm earnings and political influences
46
What is the Norh-South Divide
South - Higher Income - Higher life expectancy - Higher standard of Living - Increasing house pricing North - Higher unemployment rates - Lower Wages - Decreasing Population - Poorer health and education
47
What caused the Nort-South divide
Deindustrilisation - traditional manufacturing industries were based in the North The Northern economy declined and the South grew rapidly in response to the service sector in LOndon
48
Strategies used to resolve the North-South divide
- Northern Power House - Foreign Investment - Transport improvements - Enterprise Zones - Local Enterprise Partner
49
Enterprise Zones
Government incentives to encourage new businesses to set up in deprived areas Discounted Rates, provision of super fast broadband and simplified planning
50
Local Enterprise Partner - LEP
Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and bussinesses to encourage investment and boost local economy
51
LEP example
Regional Growth Fund: Nissan, Sunderland - Jobs for more than 2000 people - Costs £125 million
52
What is the place of the UK in the wider world
The British empire covered aboyt a third of the world's land area Colonies in Africa, Asian pacific and America 20th century countries gained independence and the UK became a member of the common wealth Today the Uk continues to have politaclm economic and cultural influece within organisations
53
UK links through trade
Trades with countries through - sea, air, road, rail Main trading partners are the EU, USA, China Germany is main source of imports and USA is main source of exports Internet is increasingly important in financial and creative sectors Post brexit the Uk is likely to develop stronger links outside the EU
54
UK links through culture
Art, Fashion, music, tv, film TV us the UK's creative industry - worth over £1.25 billion a year Fashion, music, films are important exports Migrants to the U have introduced there own cultural traits
55
UK links with Electric communications
Artic fibre project involves 15000km of cables linking London to Tokyo The Uk is an important hub for global network of submarine cables INtenet is increasingly important in global communications
56
UK links with transport
Ferries/Crusie ships transport people to Europe and the rest of the world Links to mainland Europe via channel tunnel THe UK has a long trading heritage - Developments of ports and airports
57
UKs political and economic links with the European Union
Goods, services capital and labour can move freely between countries Fundings Support to farmers - improves wildlife and enviroment Hundreds of thousands of people enter Uk in search of hiher paid jobs
58
UKs link with the commonwealth
Sporting links - commonwealth games Establishes strong cultural links - migrants Encourages trade and business links

AQA GCSE Geography (17 decks)

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