Changing Places

Question 1

Inequality

Answer 1

The differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in people’s wellbeing and access to economic and social necessities such as jobs, housing and education. Inequalities may occur in: housing provision, access to services, access to open land.

Question 2

Post-industrial

Answer 2

An economy or society where traditional manufacturing or mining employment has been replaced by an employment structure focused on services and technology. In post-industrial city most jobs are in the tertiary and quaternary sectors.

Question 3

post-productive

Answer 3

A rural place or economy where agriculture is no longer a major employer (although large areas of land may still be used for mechanised agriculture).

Question 4

Rural settlement

Answer 4

A village, hamlet or isolated farm in the countryside formerly associated with primary employment. Rural settlements have a lower population density than urban settlements. Most of the population of rural settlers do not work in the countryside. Rural UK is psychologically urban because the hamlets and villages contain people who may have retired from a city job, or who work in nearby urban areas.

Question 5

rural-urban fringe

Answer 5

Refers to the immediate surrounding of an urban area, which contains elements of an urban area, such as golf courses alongside open countryside.

Question 6

isolated dwellings

Answer 6

Single or pairs of rural dwellings, often in sparsely populated areas.

Question 7

Hamlet

Answer 7

A smaller cluster of dwellings/farms lacking services.

Question 8

Honeypot sites

Answer 8

Locations that attract a large number of tourists who then place pressure on the environment and socially on local people.

Question 9

Lake District national park authority

Answer 9

An organisation whose aims are to reduce conflict in the Lake District while making it an enjoyable experience for both tourists and local people.

Question 10

Endogenous factors

Answer 10

Place-making factors that originate internally (from the place). They might include aspects of a site or land on which the place is built such as the height, relief and drainage, availability of water, soil quality and other resources. They include the pre-existing demographic and economic characteristics of the areas, as well as aspects of the built environment and infrastructure.

Question 11

Exogenous factors

Answer 11

Place-making factors that originate externally . They include links with and influences from other places. These relationships with other places may include the movement or flow of different things across space such as people, resources, money, investment and ideas.

Question 12

place profile

Answer 12

A place profile can be described as telling a ‘story of a place’. It is the demographic, socio-economic, cultural, political, built and natural characteristics that shape a place identity.

Question 13

flows

Answer 13

The movement of goods, people, services and information along a network.

Question 14

Diversity

Answer 14

Differences among groups of people and individuals based on ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, gender, exceptionalities, language, religion, sexual orientation, and geographical area.

Question 15

Globalisation

Answer 15

Globalisation involves widening and deepening global connections, interdependence and flows (commodities, capital, information, migrants and tourists). Globalisation is the process of increasing interconnectivity between countries.

Question 16

post-colonial migration

Answer 16

People moving to the UK from former colonies of the British Empire during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, to aid the rebuilding of Britain after the Second World War. This movement is often described as The Windrush Generation.

Question 17

time-space convergence

Answer 17

The movement of goods, people, services and information along a network.

Question 18

Fearscape

Answer 18

A place that is experienced or represented in ways that bring fear and anxiety to people.

Question 19

rural idyll

Answer 19

The positive representations of the countryside; a space of natural beauty and tranquility.

Question 20

rural fearscape

Answer 20

The negative perceptions of the countryside; a space of deprivation and difference, a space to be escaped.

Question 21

global shift

Answer 21

The international relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries.

Question 22

TNC

Answer 22

Transnational corporations. Large companies that operate across national boundaries.

Question 23

Offshoring

Answer 23

TNCs move parts of their own production process (factories or offices) to other countries to reduce labour or other costs.

Question 24

outsourcing

Answer 24

TNCs contract another company to produce the goods and services they need rather than do it themselves. This can result in the growth of complex supply chains.

Question 25

export processing zones

Answer 25

An industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties.

Question 26

special economic zones

Answer 26

A designated area within a country that has favourable economic regulations to encourage investment.

Question 27

Global agribusiness

Answer 27

The global economic activities derived from or connected to farm products. This includes, crop production, crop processing, transportation and distribution.

Question 28

green revolution

Answer 28

The development of technologies to increase to yield of crop, beginning in the late 1950s.

Question 29

Mechanisation

Answer 29

The introduction of machines or automatic devices into a process, activity, or place.

Question 30

post-productive countryside

Answer 30

The post productive countryside refers to rural areas that no longer make most of their income from food production and other primary sector employment like fishing, forestry and quarrying.

Question 31

deindustrialisation

Answer 31

The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy.

Question 32

positve feedback loop

Answer 32

The way that socio-economic or environmental changes become accelerated by the processes operating in a human or physical system.

Question 33

brocken windows theory

Answer 33

The theory of place engagement describes the way that environmental deterioration quickly accelerates in locations where there are low levels of active citizenship and place engagement among the local community.

Question 34

cycle of deprivation

Answer 34

A vicious circle of linked negative economic, social and environmental changes in any area experiencing stresses such as those associated with deindustrialisation.

Question 35

social exclusion

Answer 35

Occurs when individuals and communities are blocked from rights and opportunities that are available to others.

Question 36

social deprivation

Answer 36

When ‘an individual’s well-being falls below a level generally regarded as a reasonable minimum for Britain today’.

Question 37

top down policies

Answer 37

These are policies designed by the centralised government, actors who seek to produce the “desired effects”, for example a reduction in employment statistics.

Question 38

bottom up policies

Answer 38

These are policies designed by the policy recipients and implementers. The process is based on the needs of the community, as perceived by the key stakeholders.

Question 39

gentrification

Answer 39

The buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthier individuals.

Question 40

teleworking

Answer 40

To work from home by making use of the internet, telephones and email.

Question 41

counterurbanisation

Answer 41

The movement of people and businesses from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas.

Question 42

reurbanisation

Answer 42

The movement of people back to urban areas where the population has previously declined.

Question 43

quaternary sector

Answer 43

The quaternary sector of the economy is a way to describe a knowledge based-part of the economy - which typically includes information services such as Information Technology, research and development, education, science and biotechnology.

Question 44

knowledge economy

Answer 44

A mode of production in which greater economic value is attached to the creation of new ideas, innovation, patents and data than it is to physical trade in commodities.

Question 45

patent

Answer 45

A patent is a form of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of years.

Question 46

cluster economy

Answer 46

A geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field.

Question 47

locational factors

Answer 47

The factors that influence where an industry is located.

Question 48

counter-urban migrants

Answer 48

People who have relocated from cities to rural towns and villages. Some are working-age people, often with young families; others are retirees.

Question 49

rural gentrification

Answer 49

Mirroring the process of urban gentrification, this involves new middle class counter-urban migrants renovating old housing stock in rural towns and villages, eventually driving the prices beyond the reach of ordinary longer-established families.

Question 50

Rebranding

Answer 50

A form of marketing in which a new development or redevelopment uses a new name, image, symbol, design or combination thereof for an established feature with the intention of developing a new differentiated identity in the minds of consumers, the publics, investors, competitors and other stakeholder.

Question 51

exogenous players

Answer 51

External players from outside the rebranded place.

Question 52

endogenous players

Answer 52

Players from within the rebranded place.

Question 53

Decline in urban areas

Answer 53

Online retail -In some small market towns which lack a diverse economy, rising competition from online retailed is expected to lead to the closure of shops, as their lack of diversity reduces their profit. -Even more resilient shopping centres could experience rising unemployment: Amazon opened its first supermarket without check out in January 2020 in Seattle in the USA. This could lead to the closure of larger shops and supermarkets.

Question 54

decline in urban areas

Answer 54

Artificial intelligences and robotics -In 2017, the Bank of England states that many millions of British Jobs are threatened by AI ‘robotic advisors’ could lead to the loss of traditional high-street travel agents, driverless cars could lead to taxi drivers being unemployed. -Jobs most at risk are those requiring a lower skill set. Some towns near Cambridge have a high employment in food processing which may be replaced by machines. -According to 2018 Centre for Cities report, jobs made up of routine tasks are most at risk. In Mansfield, Sunderland, Wakefield and Stoke, almost 30% of people are in an occupation that is likely to shrink by 2030.

Question 55

commuting

Answer 55

As transportation technology is improved, commuting time from rural or suburban areas has decreased, meaning it is quicker for people working in urban areas to commute into urban areas from rural are

Question 56

conferecing software

Answer 56

-The improvement in conferencing software has made it cheaper and easier for people to work from home (teleworking), reducing those living in urban areas. -Teleworking is at times better for businesses as they save money on renting office space.

Question 57

Decentrilisation

Answer 57

Decentralisation is the movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from urban centres into housing estates, retail and business parks in the suburbs and on the fringes of cities. These ‘footloose’ industries move out of central areas for cheaper rent to allow for larger stores and to be close to housing estates or large roads which will increase footfall and thus increase profit.

Question 58

online shopping

Answer 58

Goods are cheaper online as they may be manufactured in bulk, in LICs where wages and corporation tax is lower. They can also be stored in bulk in large warehouses. This makes it more attractive for customers to online rather than in store.

Question 59

Advantages of phsyical shopping

Answer 59

-More pleasant and social -Can make unexpected impulse buys -Shopping as leisure – coffee bars -Individual service from approachable retailers -Direct possession and use -Feeling of reliability because of ability to make comparisons -Perceived as being more versatile because products can be compared

Question 60

disadvantages of physical shopping

Answer 60

-Opening hours are often limited -Getting to and from shops – congestion and cost -Parking and transport costs high -Less easy to compare prices in different shops -Pushy sales people -More expensive due to the cost of space to store and display goods -Lack of background information on products and services, which the internet can provide

Question 61

Death of the high street or shift

Answer 61

- high street retail employment fell in more than 3/4 of local authorities between 2015 ad 2018 -High street employment in the accommodation and food services sector was growing in most local authorities between 2015 and 2018. -In 2018, 121,440 people were employed in pubs and bars on British high streets, with London and the South East having the highest numbers.

Question 62

Knowledge intensive business services

Answer 62

-Highly localised businesses, often locating near to each other to share knowledge, resources and to increase competition. -Knowledge produced and improved in specific places eg. Silicon Valley/Cambridge -Innovation, initiative and competence building are the important aspects in knowledge intensive organisations. -50% of KIBS jobs are taken by graduates.

Question 63

Digital economy

Answer 63

- an economy that is based on digital computing technologies - conducts business through markets based on the internet. -The Digital Economy is worth almost three trillion dollars today. -9 companies currently generate 90% of its revenue and profits – Apple , Google , Facebook and Amazon (popularly known as the “four horsemen”), Microsoft , and the four Chinese digital giants.

Question 64

Creative industries

Answer 64

-Defined by the UK government as “those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property”. -Prior to the pandemic, the creative industries were one of the fastest growing part of the UK economy. -Creative industries contributed £111.7billion gross value added to the UK economy. -It contributed to 12% of the UK exports in 2019.

Question 65

Biotech and scientific development

Answer 65

-The biotechnology industry is comprised of companies that fuse biology and technology to develop drugs and related products for the treatment of diseases and medical conditions. -Large pharmaceutical industries include Pfizer, BioNTech, Vertex Pharmaceuticals. -The most recent developments are the Covid-19 vaccinations. In total, governments have provided £6.5bn and not-for-profit organisations have provided nearly £1.5bn.

Question 66

Unicorn companies

Answer 66

-A unicorn is a term used in the venture capital industry to describe a privately held startup company with a value of over $1 billion. -There are currently 452 unicorn companies. They have a combined value of around $1.3 trillion, roughly equal to that of Apple: the largest listed company in the US. -Examples include Uber, Airbnb, Snapchat and Pinterest.

Question 67

Location of knowledge economy clusters

Answer 67

Locational factors

Question 68

proximity to uni

Answer 68

-Companies have a pool of talent to choose employees from -Companies can utilise the research done within university projects to accelerate design, products or business models

Question 69

Research institutes

Answer 69

-Ease of collaboration to create new products or to innovate -Research institute will attract individuals with the skill set that may be transferable to the company

Question 70

Government support

Answer 70

-Government funding in a specific location of the knowledge economy will attract investment -Government advertisement (Liverpool at Cultural Capital 2008) alters perception which will attract investment

Question 71

Planning and regulation

Answer 71

-Providing green and brownfield sites to locate businesses -Reduce corporation tax or create enterprise zones to attract investment -Increase incentives for graduates to relocate such as subsidising wages or travel

Question 72

Infrastructure

Answer 72

-Digital infrastructure such as fast broadband and 5G that supports quaternary industry -Buildings / transport that will support an influx of quaternary employees.

Question 73

Rural Diversification

Question 74

Re-imaging

Answer 74

Where the process of rebranding aims to change the negative perception of a place to a more positive image.

Question 75

Decline in Primary industry

Answer 75

-Falling farm revenues – the buying power of supermarkets mean they often pay very low prices for milk and other products. -Globalisation – cheaper imported food from countries where wages and other costs are lower. Some EU countries can produce milk for 16p/litre, around half the production cost in the UK. -Technology – mechanisation has replaced jobs on many farms since 1945, smaller farms can’t compete with large scale agribusiness. -Changing social attitudes - growth of environmental awareness, leads to opposition of intensive farming practices

Question 76

Cultural Rebranding

Question 77

Physical elements

Answer 77

The physical elements of remaking includes capital-intensive regeneration particularly the construction of new flagship developments and infrastructure

Question 78

Psychological elements

Answer 78

The psychological elements consist of attempts to change the way people perceive a place and the feelings and meanings they attach to it. The strategies are important to tackle prejudice against a place. Improvement in perception is done through advertising and representing places in the media in appealing new ways, hoping to appeal to new visitors.

Question 79

Remaking

Answer 79

An umbrella term which brings together actions and interventions including capital intensive attempts at regeneration and redevelopment, in addition to the reimaging and rebranding processes which allow places to be ‘felt’ and marketed as different or novel locations.

Question 80

Flagship development

Answer 80

These are usually high-profile and high-investment projects, such as new theatres, art galleries, museums, sports facilities or retail complexes. Iconic ‘signature’ buildings designed by well-known architects are intended to greatly enhance a city centres reputation and image.

Question 81

White elephant

Answer 81

An investment whose cost far outweighs its usefulness.

Question 82

Sporting Redevelopment

Question 83

London Olympics

Answer 83

-The Olympics and Paralympics involve host cities in massive investment and expense; costs are substantial, and the implications are great, e.g. for mass tourism and accommodation -Over 11,000 athletes attends the Olympics, 20,000 media workers, 63,000 operational workers and 9 million tickets sold. -This legacy was to cover 4 main areas; economy, sports success, social change and regeneration.

Question 84

Tottenham Hotspur Stadium

Answer 84

-Tottenham Hotspur’s new £400m stadium development. -Tottenham’s town centre will be improved with new public spaces and housing Increased transport capacity and transport links -Since the building of the stadium there have been 11 community-focused events across Tottenham supported in part by the Mayor. Events have included on-street cinema screenings, community sports events, street markets and consultation exercises -The regeneration project has led to the birth of the 639 Enterprise Centre helping local people get started in business and gain employment skills.

Question 85

Cultural quarters and festivals

Answer 85

-Liverpool was rebranded as it become a European ‘Capital of Culture’ -The rebranding was achieved by two steps: 1)The city council nominated Liverpool for two awards. The city gained UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 2004. The city was the 2008 ‘European Capital of Culture’. This enhanced the city’s global reputation. 2)Liverpool Culture Company was created by Liverpool City Council and was tasked with the redevelopment of Liverpool in the run-up to 2008. They invested in a number of development schemes and advertising programmes.

Question 86

Industrial Heritage

Answer 86

Battersea Power Station -The power station, on the south of the River Thames was a coal-powered power station built between 1930 and 1950. It became a listed building in 1983. -The development of the 40 acre site is a blend of shops, cafes, art, leisure facilities as well as residential accommodation and office space. -It is also leading to the wider redevelopment of Clapham, Battersea and Wandsworth, making these areas increasingly desirable. The Birmingham Custard Factory -It is located on the site of what was the Bird's Custard factory in Digbeth. -It is now home to a variety of creative and digital businesses, independent shops and cafes and bars. -They include hundreds of small and medium-sized businesses and some larger ones such as ASOS.com.

Question 87

Multi-scalar

Answer 87

When referring to governance , this means that a range of local, regional, national and even international (EU or UN) government actors and agencies are involved.

Question 88

Actor-network theory

Answer 88

Where actors or players exist in a constantly shifting network of relationships.

Question 89

Place-remaking stakeholders

Answer 89

Stakeholders are defined as all of the individuals, groups and organisations with involvement or interest in a place or issues. Place remaking is often expensive, requiring a wide range of stakeholders working together. Some players provide capital; other contribute marketing skills or other areas of expertise. Typically, a large-scale place-remaking initiative will be a public-private partnership, meaning that there is an input of capital and expertise from both profit seeking businesses (private) and public sector (government) players. This is usually multi-scalar.

Question 90

Government Involvement

Answer 90

Government interest in place making include economic, social and environmental goals. Parallel objectives alongside the aim of bringing new employment include: Increased supply of affordable housing and improved provision of education or skills for local people Environmental goals such as improved water quality in previously industrialised places. Increased FDI which in turn leads to decreased social exclusion and deprivation, through a positive multiplier effect.