Global Governance- Migration Flashcards

Question

Deprivation

Answer 1

A state of not having something you need.

Answer 2

Exclusion from the prevailing social system

Answer 3

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and compiled by the United Nations to measure and various countries' levels of social and economic development.

Answer 4

These are indices which measure more than one factor and are becoming more widely used to measure development:

Answer 5

1)Mean years of schooling expected years of schooling, 2)Life expectancy at birth, 3)Gross national income per capita.

Answer 6

Northern America, Europe, Ireland, Japan, South Korea, Australia & New Zealand. This may be because: ● These nations have large economies and advancing technology (quaternary) industries,resulting in a high GDP per capita. ● Cities and towns are well structured, with strong infrastructure and transport links, excellent supplies of clean water, electricity and food to households. ● Most of these nations have free education systems, with opportunities to progress onto further education (universities) or into employment & apprenticeships

Answer 7

Takes into account longevity, knowledge and a decent standard of living.HPI is divided into two categories: ● HPI-1 is used for developing countries and captures a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. ● HPI-2 is used for selected high-income countries and captures a long and healthy life, knowledge, a decent standard of living and also levels of social exclusion.

Answer 8

a measure of acute poverty that uses ten indicators covering education, health, and standard of living. The ten indicators are: ● Nutrition ● Child mortality ● Years of schooling ● School attendance ● Cooking fuel ● Sanitation ● Drinking water ● Electricity ● Housing ● Assets Each of these categories are weighted and if people experience deprivation in at least one-third of these weighted indicators then they are considered multidimensionally poor.

Answer 9

● Gross domestic product: Is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period of time. A high GDP per capita could represent a high-earning population and productive workforce, but GDP per capita could be skewed by very rich minorities, even if the majority of the population earn very little. ● Gender inequality index: A measure of gender disparity within a country or region. ● Adult literacy rates: The percentage of adults within a population that can read and write. This indicates the quality of education available in a country which in turn correlates to economic output. A well-educated workforce tend to earn higher wages. Literacy rates can also impact their personal lives. ● Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age. Quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children. Infant mortality is important since infants are some of the most vulnerable people of society, so are more likely to catch disease and infection or suffer from malnutrition.

Answer 10

The development gap refers to the inequality between the richest, most developed group of people and those who are excluded from the benefits of development. This could be entire states, or disadvantaged groups of people. The development gap is visible on a global scale, with the richest 20% of people consuming around 80% of global resources, and the poorest 20% earning just 1.3% of global income.

Answer 11

This method was published in 1981 in the Brandt Report. This made a simple division contrasting economically wealthier and industrialised countries with the poor and largely agricultural ones. GNP per capita was the development indicator used to draw the North-South divide. Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. Poorer countries are mostly located in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere. However over time it was realised that this view was too simplistic.

Answer 12

Complex indices (measures more than one factor) are becoming more widely used to measure development:

Answer 13

Links life expectancy, wellbeing and equality with the impact of ecological footprint. It does not feature an economic component like most measures do.

Answer 14

Measures the strength of links between countries. Uses economic, social and political criteria. Despite not being a direct measure of development, globalisation closely links to a country’s development; nations that can prioritise globalisation tend to have good infrastructure, education for their workers’ families and economic funds available.

Answer 15

Measures alternative ideas like social support, generosity & corruption. This is a qualitative measure, based on how the population feels regarding the transparency of their government. The validity of the World Happiness Index could be argued, since opinions can largely be influenced by the media.

Answer 16

The World Systems Theory identifies two different economic areas within the world - the core and the periphery. Core regions are economic powerhouses and therefore control most aspects of global trade such as trade agreements and trading currency. The core regions trade with those in the periphery who often provide labour and materials for the core nations. The theory tries to explain inequality in wealth and development across the world. In the past relationships between the core and periphery were purely exploitative (colonialism) and the periphery was forced to provide their natural resources through means of hard power such as military force or occupation. For example, the British Empire’s exploitation of India for natural resources. In more recent times this relationship centres around trade agreements (soft power) which often benefit the core regions more than they benefit the periphery. These trade agreements often favour the core nations.

Answer 17

It is now more widely accepted that development is a dynamic process and that not all countries will follow the path of the Rostow Model through defined stages of development. Today, as countries develop, they make a gradual transition through different stages along the development continuum.

Answer 18

Rostow believed that countries pass through five stages as they grow economically and become developed. This development can be shown as stages of growth over time:

Answer 19

The country’s economy is based predominantly on primary industry - agriculture, small-scale mining, foraging and fishing. There is minimal technology or scientific knowledge which protects the country’s traditional culture, religion and values.

Answer 20

There is a demand for raw materials and trade by external countries. A rise in construction of infrastructure will lead to an increase in businesses and FDI. Gradually, the industry centres around manufacturing rather than agriculture as individual families can earn more money from a reliable job (unlike agriculture which is seasonal and can be affected by extreme weather) .

Answer 21

Here there is rapid Industrialisation, creating a large surge of employment opportunities and productivity. Take-off can also be a period of environmental degradation, as the nation lacks laws to protect its natural surroundings and people from exploitation. This is often fuelled by relaxed laws and regulations protecting the natural son accelerates

Answer 22

Over a period of time, the growing economy will encourage new industries and investment, creating further jobs, improving services through increased tax. This is a positive feedback mechanism of gradually improving living conditions.

Answer 23

Developed countries, in Rostow’s opinion, are countries who are capitalistic and consumers hold the most valuable opinion. Often goods are catered towards these markets, as families have disposable income to spend

Answer 24

- It is based largely on American and European development (mass consumption and capitalism to create profit) and therefore ignores the stages of growth other nations who do not fit this mould may go through (e.g. Bolivia’s recent sustainable development). Some nations may have large reserves of natural resources which allow them to skip some of the stages of development e.g. Saudi Arabia. Rostow’s Model only considers the advancement of development, so doesn’t describe a nation that is declining. Some examples of declining states include: The USSR (post-cold war) - following ‘loss’ in the Cold War, the USSR became bankrupt and disbanded into the nations of today - Ukraine, Belarus, etc. The new Russia faced economic recession and social deprivation. Zimbabwe - For a large period of time, the government has been corrupt, limiting the country’s development regardless of its level of industrial capacity.

Answer 25

The Scramble for Africa, also called the Partition of Africa, or the Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914). The 10 percent of Africa that was under formal European control in 1870 increased to almost 90 percent by 1914. Only Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Liberia and intra-46th meridian east territories remained independent Though Ethiopia would later be invaded and occupied by Italy in 1936. The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, is usually referred to as the starting point of the Scramble for Africa.

Answer 26

The 19th century was home to the industrial revolution, a time when many European nations were flourishing in the technology sector of the time. However, in order to accomplish these advancements, they needed a source of constant raw material supply. European powers noticed that many of these raw materials happened to be abundant in Africa.

Answer 27

Prior to the wave of European colonization, the geography of Africa was generally misunderstood. Much like the adventurers who had traveled to Asia and North America, many European explorers set out to determine the physical makeup of the African continent.

Answer 28

At the time of the Scramble for Africa, major world powers like Great Britain, France, and Spain were competing for power on the European stage. The amount of land that each country owned was considered to be a great indicator of power, with every state wanting to do better than their neighbour.

Answer 29

A large motivator behind African colonization was the desire to spread Christianity throughout the world. Much like what occurred in North and South America, European colonizers brought the Christian faith to Africa through missionaries.

Answer 30

A key ideology behind imperialism, which in turn informs colonialism, is the idea of racial superiority or cultural superiority. Again, much like the ideals behind the colonialism of the Americas, many European colonizers thought that they were doing a favor to those living on the African continent by introducing to them the European way of life, even if it came at the cost of destroying established societies.

Answer 31

ontinuous drain of scarce labour

Answer 32

orced labour schemes

Answer 33

the resources then are not exploitable by the local population

Answer 34

land was taken and exploited for the benefit of the colonies

Answer 35

Causality is influence by which one event, process, state or object contributes to the production of another event, process, state or object. The cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause.

Answer 36

Movements from the world’s poorest countries are generally because of extreme poverty, of the source region. People living below the World Bank’s US$1.90 extreme poverty are unable to meet their basic needs of food, clothing, water and shelter. People move to locations where standards of living are, or are perceived to be higher. Movements for NICs such as Poland and Mexico to developed countries are explained in terms of relative poverty. People living in relative poverty often move to other locations were they may receive a higher income for a similar skill set.

Answer 37

When households receive 50% less than average household incomes, so they do have some money but still not enough money to afford anything above the basics.

Answer 38

Primary commodities are unprocessed foods, timber, mineral and energy resources.

Answer 39

Overproduction keeps prices low – e.g. coffee, tea, rubber. Market are controlled by HICs, both commodity prices as well as production, this means prices often favour HICs. Little wealth is generated from exports and/or retained by (corrupt) officials. Poor governance and corruption keeps wealth in hands of a few. High value commodities (oil, diamonds…) often become a source of conflict and help maintain authoritarian governments.

Answer 40

The resource curse (also known as the paradox of plenty) is the failure of many resource-rich countries to benefit fully from their natural resource wealth, and for governments in these countries to respond effectively to public welfare needs. Resource-rich countries tend to have higher rates of conflict and authoritarianism, and lower rates of economic stability and growth.

Answer 41

Trade blocs (e.g. EU or NAFTA) impose tariffs on imports that compete with domestic production . HIC governments subsidise domestic production making their products artificially cheap compared to imports. Free trade (encouraged by World Trade Organisation, WTO) doesn’t always help as poor economies are ill-equipped to compete against major economies. For example high level of governmental support means European farmers can sell their meat and vegetables cheaply. This means African farmers have to sell their products even cheaper if they hope to trade with retailers such as Aldi.

Answer 42

A state with a dominant position, which is characterised by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale.

Answer 43

When one country gets other countries to do what it wants.

Answer 44

Ordering others to do what it wants.

Answer 45

An approach that underscores the necessity of a strong military, but also invests heavily in alliances, partnerships, and institutions of all levels to expand one's influence and establish legitimacy of one's action.

Answer 46

In February 2008, the Labour government introduced the UK's first points-based immigration system heralded by ministers as being based on the Australian system. The tiers are: Tier 1: high-value (possessed of exceptional talent, highly skilled, high-net-worth investor, graduate entrepreneur) Tier 2: skilled workers (jobs that cannot be fulfilled by a UK or EEA worker, intra-company transfers, ministers of religion or sportspersons) - capped at 20,700 a year unless the immigrant earns more than £150,000 Tier 3: student (in primary, secondary, or tertiary education) Tier 4: temporary migrant A person earns points according to different criteria: English language ability Capacity to support oneself financially (savings in the bank) Age and previous experience Additionally anyone planning to stay in the UK longer than six months should be referred for a medical examination, the cost of which is borne by the applicant.

Answer 47

- Australia operates two immigration schemes: the Migration Programme, which caters for economic immigrants, and the Humanitarian Programme for refugees and displaced persons. Skilled-worker visas are points-tested, and to be eligible for one a person must meet a 65-point minimum. Skilled workers include professional and manual workers, with accountants and mechanics alike earning 60 points for their occupation Everyone applying for a permanent visa needs to complete a medical check, a chest x-ray (if older than 11) and HIV test (if older than 15).

Answer 48

A point system acts as an effective binding constraint on applicants. Individual applicants are selected according to the objectives set by the country of destination. A point system has better quality immigration candidates. The initial phase of the immigration process is streamlined, requiring fewer resources to process valid applications. The assessment process is transparent

Global Governance- Migration Flashcards

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