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Edexcel History: Britain Transformed > Changing Quality of Life > Flashcards

Changing Quality of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What happened to wages for the poorest in society between 1921 and 1934?

A

Fell after the recession

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2
Q

How much were many families getting by on?

A

£5

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3
Q

Why did living standards improve between wars?

A

Prices fell faster than wages and real cost of living fell by more than a third between 1920 and 1938

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4
Q

How many children were women having on average?

A

2.19

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5
Q

How many people had died in the war?

A

702,000

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6
Q

§How many people were wounded in the war?

A

1.67 million

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7
Q

By 1921, how many men were receiving disability pensions?

A

1,187,45

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8
Q

Why was there a decline in alcohol consumption?

A

Forced ban in 1914

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9
Q

What was the Defence of the Realm act?

A

Continued peacetime restrictions on pub opening hours caused the amount spent on alcohol to fall throughout the interwar period.

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10
Q

What did rationing do?

A

Promote healthier diets - so did the 1914 Education Act

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11
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in 1922?

A

Half than in 1900

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12
Q

What killed far fewer people than pre-war?

A

Tuberculosis and Typhoid

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13
Q

What age did more people survive to?

A

65

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14
Q

What meant that life expectancy remained pretty stagnant?

A

Poor Geriatric care

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15
Q

What was infant mortality rate in wales?

A

5.17 deaths per 1000

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16
Q

What was the infant mortality rate in Kensington?

A

0.86 per 1000

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17
Q

What was hospital care described as?

A

Postcode Lottery

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18
Q

Which MP joined in the Jarrow March?

A

Ellen Wilkinson

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19
Q

What was the impact of the war in terms of infrastructure?

A

Blitz had decimated the home front - London, Liverpool, Coventry - evacuation

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20
Q

What programme encourages civilian involvement?

A

Dig for Victory

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21
Q

What was WWII?

A

Total War - it has an impact on everyone

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22
Q

Why did the impact of war continue?

A

Cities had to be rebuilt and food supplies had to be improved

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23
Q

What happened after the war?

A

Period of austerity - the government cuts back on spending in order to rebuild and reconstruct after the war

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24
Q

When did rationing continue until?

A

Well into the 1950s

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25
Q

What other cities were impacted by the bombing?

A

Birmingham, Plymouth, Bristol, Glasgow, Southampton, Portsmouth and Hull

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26
Q

How many houses were destroyed?

A

2/7 houses - 3.5 million

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27
Q

How many changes of addresses were there?

A

60 million

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28
Q

How many men were registered for service?

A

14.9/15.9 million aged 14-64

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29
Q

How many women were engaged in the war effort?

A

7.1 million

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30
Q

How many essential work orders did the government have to issue?

A

8.5 million

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31
Q

What were all men subject to?

A

Conscription

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32
Q

How many were killed in WWII?

A

287,859

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33
Q

How many were injured?

A

274,148

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34
Q

How many prisoners of war were there?

A

184,102

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35
Q

How many children were evacuated?

A

Over a million - increased concern for the wellbeing of slum children

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36
Q

Why was Britain starving?

A

Loss of ships to German U boats

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37
Q

What did almost every Briton have to do?

A

Adopt an austere lifestyle during and for six years after the war due to the financial sacrifices needed to wage total war.

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38
Q

How much of all consumer expenditure was controlled by rationing in 1946?

A

1/4

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39
Q

How much of all consumer expenditure was controlled by rationing in 1948?

A

30%

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40
Q

When did bread begin to be rationed?

A

1946 - 1948

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41
Q

How did rationing benefit the working class?

A

Enjoyed a healthier diet because the disparity in food consumption was levelled out between classes

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42
Q

What happened to average wages during the war?

A

Almost doubled

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43
Q

What lead to a levelling of fashions?

A

Clothes rationing - people made do and mend

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44
Q

What was established in 1940?

A

Council for the Encourage of music and Arts

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45
Q

What did the government fund?

A

Film industry - made morale boosting films - In Which we Serve

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46
Q

What was consumer expenditure on rationing cut back to in 1949?

A

12%

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47
Q

What did the government introduce?

A

Price controls to cap prices so people’s money goes further.

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48
Q

What grew in 1951-1979?

A

Consumerism and a consumer society

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49
Q

Why was there a growth in consumerism?

A

Increase in things to buy and people more motivated to conform to social norms

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50
Q

How much did real disposable income rise in the 1950s?

A

30%

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51
Q

How much did real disposable income rise in the 1960s?

A

22%

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52
Q

How much did real disposable income rise in the 1970s?

A

30%

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53
Q

What was unusual about this period?

A

Interest and rent declined as a share of national income

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54
Q

What did home ownership increase from and to?

A

29% in 1950 to 50% in 1970

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55
Q

How much did car ownership increase by?

A

16% in 1950 to 52% in 1970

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56
Q

What did MacMillan say in 1957?

A

Most of our people have never had it so good

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57
Q

What did growing disposable income allow?

A

Difference between wants and needs

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58
Q

What was the trend in gas sales between 1951 and 1970?

A

More than doubled

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59
Q

What happened to electricity sales?

A

Quadrupled

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60
Q

What happened to central heating?

A

Up from 5% in 1960 to 50% in 1977 and 84% in 1991

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61
Q

How much did money spent on advertising rise?

A

Threefold between 1947 and 1970

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62
Q

What contributed to a dramatic shit in male use of deodorant?

A

Old Spice advertisement after 1957

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63
Q

How many women used deodorant before 1957

A

32%

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64
Q

How many women and men regularly used scented toiletries by 1969?

A

Over half

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65
Q

What designers pioneered the Look?

A

Mary Quant

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66
Q

How were looks made accessible?

A

Mass production and sales of similar designs in high streets across the country

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67
Q

What company sold cheap clothes from London and by mail order?

A

Barbara Hulanicki’s fashion company Biba

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68
Q

Who was the most famous model in the 1960s?

A

Twiggy

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69
Q

What helped fashion take off?

A

Launch of Colour sections in newspapers after Feb 1962

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70
Q

Where was the first supermarket opened?

A

St Albans in 1947

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71
Q

Where was Sainsbury’s opened in 1950

A

Croyden

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72
Q

What gave a boost to food sales?

A

End of food rationing between 1951 and 1954

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73
Q

What allowed supermarkets to flourish?

A

Rolling back Retail Price Maintenance - 1956 on groceries - more generally in 1964

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74
Q

How many supermarkets were the in 1959?

A

286

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75
Q

How many supermarkets were there in 1961?

A

572

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76
Q

How many supermarkets were there in 1971?

A

3,500

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77
Q

Where was the first out-of-town supermarket opened?

A

Nottingham in 1964

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78
Q

What did the competition lead to?

A

Closure of 60,000 of local specialist grocers between 1960 and 1990

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79
Q

What did car ownership lead to?

A

Larger supermarkets on the outskirts of towns and cities

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80
Q

What was founded in 1957?

A

Consumer Association - launched Which?

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81
Q

What Ministry aimed to protect consumers?

A

Ministry for Consumer Affairs - existed from 1972 to 1983

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82
Q

How did poor people borrow money?

A

Moneylenders - not well-regulated - interest rates could be extortionate - debt collectors

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83
Q

When was the Consumer Credit Act passed?

A

1974 following the 1971 Crowther Report

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84
Q

What did the Crowther Report call for?

A

Repeal and Replacement of all earlier legislation on moneylending

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85
Q

What did the Act do?

A

Clarified the rights and responsibilities of lenders and borrowers

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86
Q

When were credit cards first used in Britain?

A

1966

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87
Q

When was the Access Card launched?

A

1972

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88
Q

What was unemployment like between 1921 and 1940?

A

Never fell below 1 million - rose to almost 3 million in 1932 and 1933

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89
Q

How many people had been jobless for a year in 1929?

A

5%

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90
Q

What did this rise to in 1932?

A

16.4% - 400,000 people

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91
Q

How much of the long term unemployment was located in the north, south wales and Scotland?

A

85%

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92
Q

What % of all shipbuilders were unemployed?

A

62%

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93
Q

How many car manufacturers were unemployed?

A

20%

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94
Q

What stopped the regional variation in means test?

A

Unemployment Assistance Board 1937

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95
Q

How many households in the south-east had a car?

A

20%

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96
Q

How many households in the north had a car?

A

12%

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97
Q

How many electricity consumers were there in 1920?

A

730,000

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98
Q

How many electricity consumers were there in 1938?

A

9 million

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99
Q

How many houses had electricity in 1932?

A

32%

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100
Q

How many houses had electricity in 1938?

A

66%

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101
Q

How many houses had electricity in 1961?

A

96%

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102
Q

What encouraged the expansion of electricity?

A

1926 Electrical Supply Act

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103
Q

When did the grid cover most parts of the country?

A

1934

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104
Q

How much electricity did houses in the south-east consume?

A

861 kWh in 1938

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105
Q

How much electricity did houses in the north consume?

A

386 kWh - mostly on lighting not labour saving appliances

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106
Q

What did WWI lead to?

A

The collapse in the British film industry due to the uncertainty over funding, disruption to production and the use of studios for propaganda

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107
Q

What also played a part in the decline of cinema attendance?

A

Television

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108
Q

How many cinemas were forced to close?

A

Half of them

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109
Q

How many times did the average person got to the cinema between 1939 and 1951?

A

28 times

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110
Q

What became more lenient?

A

The BBFC - 1968 Theatres Act

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111
Q

What did the British prefer during WWI?

A

American films with higher production values. Women liked the glamour of American heroes and heroines.

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112
Q

How many cinema admissions were there in 1946?

A

1,635 million

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113
Q

How many cinema admissions were there in 1954?

A

1,276 million

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114
Q

How many cinema admissions were there in 1964?

A

343 million

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115
Q

How many cinema admissions were there in 1984?

A

53 million

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116
Q

What happened to British film production in the 1970s

A

Collapsed with the re-emergence of American dominance

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117
Q

How many British films were made in 1968?

A

49

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118
Q

How many British Films were made in 1980?

A

31

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119
Q

What led to the drop in British film production?

A

Cuts in American funding of British films and Conservative government cuts to National Film Finance Corporation, one of the major British sources of investment

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120
Q

What led to the boom in the cinema during WWII?

A

Demand for escapism - also the limitations on other entertainment forms

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121
Q

Who was the typical cinema goer?

A

Young, urban, working class, female over the age of 19

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122
Q

What was the concern of upper class people?

A

There would be an impact on impressionable audiences

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123
Q

What was the BBFC concerned about?

A

Americanisation

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124
Q

How many films were British in 1925?

A

5%

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125
Q

What film was seen by 20 million people in the first 6 weeks?

A

The Battle of the Somme 1916

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126
Q

What film was released in 1917?

A

Hearts of the world- the story of a village

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127
Q

What was the 1927 quota act?

A

20% of films had to be British

128
Q

Examples of WW2 film?

A

In which we serve 1942
Millions like us 1943
Gentle Sex 1943
The way ahead 1944

129
Q

How many teenagers went to the cinema once a week in 1946?

A

69%

130
Q

How many films did the BBFC ban between 1928 and 1939?

A

140

131
Q

Examples of more lenient films?

A

Clockwork Orange 1971
Straw Dogs 1971
Get Carter 1971

132
Q

What film contained nudity and sex and was the highest grossing film in 1974?

A

Confessions of a Window Cleaner

133
Q

What did films influence?

A

Teenage culture

134
Q

What happened to the number of households with a receiver between 1922 and 1939?

A

Increased from 1% to 71%.

135
Q

How many households had a receiver in 1951?

A

90%

136
Q

When was the BBC founded?

A

1927

137
Q

When did BBC lose its monopoly on broadcasting?

A

1973

138
Q

What were the two Radio services?

A

National Programme and Regional Programme

139
Q

Where did the Regional Programme broadcast from?

A

Midlands, London, North, Scottish, West, Northern Ireland and Welsh.

140
Q

What happened at the start of WWII?

A

National and Regional combined to form the Home Service. Done to prevent enemy aircraft using different broadcasts to aid navigation.

141
Q

What were Sunday broadcasts?

A

Religious

142
Q

What did listeners do to avoid Sunday broadcasts?

A

Use pirate radios

143
Q

Examples of pirate radios?

A

Radio Luxemburg and Radio Normandy

144
Q

When was pirate radio banned?

A

1967 Marine Broadcasting Offences Act

145
Q

When was the first pop station established?

A

1967

146
Q

What did the 1973 Independent Broadcasting Authority Act do?

A

BBC had to compete with a range of UK based commercial stations

147
Q

How many listeners did Tony Blackburn’s Breakfast Show get?

A

20 million

148
Q

What was launched in 1946?

A

Third Programme - became Radio 3 in 1967

149
Q

What did Radio 3 cater to?

A

Highbrow culture - less than 2% of the radio audience - higher class, higher educated

150
Q

What did the Home Service become?

A

Radio 4

151
Q

What did the radio become a symbol of?

A

Unity in the country

152
Q

What boosted morale during the war?

A

Workers Playtime

153
Q

What was the focus of daytime programming?

A

Women - reinforcing the idea that women should be in the home

154
Q

What replaced the Forces Programme in 1945?

A

Light Programme - introduced a mis of comedies and soaps

155
Q

Examples of Light Programme?

A

Archers
Mrs Dale’s Diary

156
Q

How many listeners did the Light Programme receive?

A

2/3 of 11 million listeners

157
Q

Example of programme targetted at women?

A

Women’s Hour
Housewives Choice

158
Q

When did the monarchs speech start being televised?

A

1957

159
Q

Where did most popular music come from between 1919 and 1959?

A

America

160
Q

What was the popular music in WWI?

A

Ragtime and Jazz

161
Q

What was popular music in 1930?

A

Swing and Bop

162
Q

What was popular music in 1940?

A

Country and Western, Rhythm and blues

163
Q

What was popular music in 1950s?

A

Rock n Roll

164
Q

What became popular amongst the working class?

A

Dance Halls - provided a degree of luxury

165
Q

When did music become more influenced by British Artists?

A

1960-1979

166
Q

Example of this?

A

BEATLES - shift back to home grown genres

167
Q

What was popular in the early 1970s?

A

Glam Rock

168
Q

What was popular in Mid 1970s?

A

David Bowie with the rise New York inspired Disco

169
Q

When was the rise of punk?

A

Late 1970s

170
Q

What music was marketed towards teenagers to enhance consumerism?

A

Beatles and Rock n Roll

171
Q

How much money did the Beatles make from merch?

A

£100 million and had made over £300 million from sales worldwide

172
Q

What did dance halls allow?

A

Girls could wear less conservative clothes

173
Q

Example of a prominent female punk singer?

A

Poly Styrene (1976) and Siouxsie Sioux (1976).

174
Q

What did punk have an influence on?

A

Fashion - rejection of the consumer society

175
Q

Who was Cliff Richard?

A

Originally discovered as a ‘heart-throb performer’ to replicate the popularity of Elvis Presley. In the 1950s released exuberant music such as ‘Move It’.

176
Q

What Richard song shows the shift away from Rock n Roll?

A

Summer Holiday

177
Q

Who was popular in 1970s?

A

Slade, Marc Bolan, Gary Glitter, David Bowie, The Sex Pistols, X-Ray Spex, The Banshees and the slits

178
Q

How many households had a TV in 1970?

A

Almost every household

179
Q

What allowed the expansion of channels?

A

1955 end of BBC’s monopoly

180
Q

What TV show put homelessness on the map?

A

Cathy Come Home

181
Q

What did the Wednesday Play do?

A

With its powerful abortion scene, raised awareness for that topic too- arguably contributing to the passing of the 1967 Abortion Act.

182
Q

Example of Political Satire?

A

That Was the Week That Was - challenged social superiority

183
Q

What allowed teens to have their own culture?

A

Consumerism - able to create their own identity

184
Q

Where would Youths hang out?

A

Coffee Bars

185
Q

How many arrests for marijuana in 1960?

A

235

186
Q

How many arrests for marijuana in 1973?

A

11,000

187
Q

Examples of subcultures?

A

Mods, rockers, beatniks, hippies, skinheads, glam rockers and punks

188
Q

When did the mods and rockers have a scrap in Brighton?

A

1964

189
Q

What were Skinheads?

A

A subculture which originated among working class youths in London, England, in the 1960s and soon spread to other parts of the UK

190
Q

How would Skinheads be recognised?

A

Shaved heads and clothing such as steel toe work boots, braces, straight-leg jeans, and button-down shirts.

191
Q

What were punks?

A

Another subculture, their fashion consisted of offensive t-shirts, leather jackets, hairstyles such as brightly coloured hair and spiked mohawks, tattoos, jewellery and body modification

192
Q

Who were the first all female bands to write and perform their own music?

A

The Slits

193
Q

Which TV show has strong female characters?

A

Corrie - Elsie Tanner (1960) weekly audience of 20 million

194
Q

What did Butterflies 1978 show?

A

A housewife at home and bored and unfulfilled by her domestic role

195
Q

Who was the first female TV news readers?

A

Barbara Mandell in 1955

196
Q

Who was the first permanent female newsreaders?

A

Angela Rippon 1975

197
Q

What films presented women in an objectifying light?

A

Confessions of a Window cleaner and Carry On

198
Q

Which TV show had hen pecked husbands?

A

Likely Lads - watched by 27 million

199
Q

Example of a Gay film?

A

The Naked Civil Servant

200
Q

When did Tom Robinson release Glad to be Gay?

A

1976 - reached 18th in the single charts

201
Q

What featured an abortion?

A

Up to Junction 1968

202
Q

Example of a traditional films

A

King Visits the Army 1916

203
Q

What did the 1964 Television Act do?

A

Required ITV to show 2 plays and 2 current affairs programmes per week.

204
Q

Examples of parody of snobbery?

A

Margot in the Good Life 1975
Likely Lads 1973

205
Q

Another example of political satire?

A

Beyond The Fringe 1960

206
Q

How were the Police presented?

A

Positive Light - The Sweeney - tough but fair - despite Times report on police brutality in 1969

207
Q

What celebrated police?

A

Dixon of Dock Green 1955

208
Q

When was the Holidays Pay Act passed?

A

1938

209
Q

What did the Holidays Pay Act do?

A

People were able to have leisure time if they were in the working and middle class - prior to this, it was mainly the upper class who could have leisure time.
Three consecutive paid days off.
First time the working class had time off

210
Q

What act was in place before this act?

A

1871 Bank Holidays Act - gave working people 6 bank holidays

211
Q

What created a national community of interest in sports?

A

Radio and the national press

212
Q

Why was football accessible to working class people?

A

It was cheap to pay

213
Q

What did television do for football?

A

More people to access football and injected a lot of media and advertising revenue into sport, increasing the incentive for professional players to assert their worth.

214
Q

What meant it was easier to organise teams?

A

Factories and unions - self contained teams

215
Q

What meant that the national league was possible?

A

Mass transport

216
Q

When was the football association founded?

A

1888

217
Q

What was created between 1920 and 1922?

A

Three national divisions

218
Q

What did clubs become?

A

An important factor for loyalty and pride

219
Q

What meant men could take part and watch sport?

A

Half days on Saturdays

220
Q

What was club affiliation in 1910?

A

12,000

221
Q

What was club affiliation in 1948?

A

17,973

222
Q

What was club affiliation in 1967?

A

30,962

223
Q

What was average attendance in 1914?

A

23,000

224
Q

What was average attendance in 1938?

A

31,000

225
Q

What was the ticket price in 1968 and 1981?

A

25p
£1

226
Q

When did Match of The Day start?

A

1964

227
Q

When did Sportsview start?

A

1954

228
Q

When did Grand Stand start?

A

1958

229
Q

When did World of Sport on iTV start?

A

1965

230
Q

When was peak ticket sales?

A

1948-49 - 41.2 million

231
Q

What was attendance in 1969-70?

A

29.6 million

232
Q

What was attendance in 1979-80?

A

24.6 million

233
Q

What enhanced viewers enjoyment?

A

Rise of colour television, multiple camera angles and slow motion replays in 1960s

234
Q

How many people watched the 1966 World Cup?

A

32 million

235
Q

Why did hooliganism increase?

A

Increased numbers of fans who could afford to go to matches

236
Q

What happened when things got so bad?

A

Some clubs built metal cage fences to keep fans off the pitch

237
Q

What did British Rail do?

A

Cancelled Soccer Specials which provided fans with cheap travel to away games

238
Q

What happened in 1977?

A

Millwall disaster - hooliganism - gained bad reputation

239
Q

How much ad money was poured into football in 1966?

A

£1 million

240
Q

How much ad money was poured into football in 1976?

A

£16 million

241
Q

What were wages capped at for professional footballers?

A

1919-1939 - £8 per week
1961 - £20 per week

242
Q

What led to wage caps being scrapped?

A

Threat of a strike by the Professional Footballers’ Association formed in 1961

243
Q

How much was Kevin Keegan paid in 1978?

A

£250,000

244
Q

What did the pay do?

A

Reduce the idea of amateurism

245
Q

What % of the audience was men in 1960s?

A

60-70%

246
Q

What did male participation increase from and to?

A

1961: 9%
1979: 30%

247
Q

What did women participation increase from and to?

A

6% to 17%

248
Q

What did sport reinforce?

A

Gender divide - women were not allowed to join golf clubs or governing bodies

249
Q

What was the exception to this rule?

A

Cycling - women were able to forge new association between sport and womanliness. It became increasing common for women to keep fit as a a healthy body became seen as being the ideal mother and housewife.

250
Q

What happened in 1978?

A

High Court successfully overturned a ban on a girl from playing for Muskham United Under 11s.

251
Q

What stopped holidays?

A

THE WAR

252
Q

What did the war do?

A

Sped up the development of transport - trains, planes, cars

253
Q

When was Butlins established?

A

1936 - emerged from wartime infrastructure

254
Q

What also emerged?

A

Package holidays - more for the middle class/upper class

255
Q

What became popular in the 1960s?

A

Caravan holidays

256
Q

What did Britain become?

A

The 17th country to make paid holidays a right rather than a privilege

257
Q

How many workers enjoyed paid holiday?

A

7.75 million

258
Q

How many people left their home for a single night a year in 1938?

A

Less than half

259
Q

How many workers received paid holiday in 1935?

A

1.5 out of 18.5 million workers

260
Q

Where were most holidays?

A

Seaside - period was too short

261
Q

How many people went to Blackpool each year?

A

7 million

262
Q

Where did better off families go on holiday?

A

Tynemouth rather than Whitley

263
Q

When were the Ramblers established?

A

1935

264
Q

When was the YHA established?

A

1929

265
Q

Where was the first Butlins?

A

Skegness

266
Q

How many holiday camps were established?

A

200

267
Q

How many visitors did holiday camps get?

A

30,000 per week

268
Q

What did the government do during the war?

A

Put in measures to prevent travel for pleasure in order to free up roads and railway for military and supply purposes

269
Q

What were used to dissuade people from going on holiday?

A

Posters and railway companies not allowed to put on additional trains

270
Q

What did the government promote in 1941-42?

A

Holidays at Home

271
Q

What was Wakes Week?

A

Most factory workers in Lancashire went to Blackpool

272
Q

What was Trip Week?

A

Workers from Swindon went to Weston-Super-Mare continued throughout the war

273
Q

How many people had been on a caravan holiday by the end of the 70s?

A

Almost half

274
Q

What places were opened up?

A

Cornwall, Devon and Carmarthenshire - restricted to the wealthy

275
Q

How many people went on holiday in 1951?

A

25 million in the UK
2 million went abroad

276
Q

How many people went on holiday in 1971?

A

34 million
7 million
Rise of package holidays

277
Q

How many private cars were registered in 1904?

A

9,000

278
Q

How many private cars were registered in 1919?

A

100,000

279
Q

How many cars were registered in 1939?

A

2 million

280
Q

How many cars in 1960?

A

5,650,000

281
Q

How many cars in 1970?

A

11,802,000

282
Q

When was the Austin Seven launched?

A

1922

283
Q

What did the average car price feel from and to?

A

£259 in 1924 to £130 in 1938

284
Q

How many jobs relied on the motor industry in 1939?

A

1.4 million

285
Q

When were driving tests introduced?

A

1934

286
Q

When were 20 mph speed limits abolished?

A

1930

287
Q

When were 30 mph speed limits introduced?

A

1934

288
Q

When did country roads get speed limits?

A

1965

289
Q

Why did car ownership increase after the war?

A

The end of petrol rationing and more efficient production techniques and greater average income.

290
Q

What happened to bike sales?

A

1929: 6 million
1935: 10 million
Few people would drive to work

291
Q

What was important to the working class before WWII?

A

Buses

292
Q

What happened to the number of passenger miles on a bus?

A

Increased from 3.5 million in 1920 to 19 million in 1938.

293
Q

How did cars impact consumer habits?

A

Load greater quantities of groceries

294
Q

When was the first multistorey car park built?

A

1939 in Blackpool

295
Q

Where was the first Asda?

A

Nottinghamshire - 1964

296
Q

What % of women had a private driving license in 1933?

A

12%

297
Q

What % of women had a private driving license in 1975?

A

29% compared with 69% of men

298
Q

When did flying become a viable travel option?

A

1918

299
Q

When was Imperial Airways formed?

A

1924 - subsidised by government - image of power and modernity

300
Q

When was BA set up?

A

1935 - rescued with state financial assistance and merged with Imperial Airways in 1939 to form the British Overseas Airways Corporation

301
Q

When was civil aviation nationalised?

A

1946

302
Q

When did scheduled internal flights begin?

A

1930s

303
Q

When did Britons start going to Spain and Greece?

A

1960s

304
Q

How many railway companies became state controlled?

A

120

305
Q

What act was passed in 1921?

A

Railway Act

306
Q

What did the 1921 Railway Act do?

A

Forced all rail companies to merge into four: Great Western Railway; London, Midland and Scottish Railway; London and North Eastern Railway and Southern Railway

307
Q

What was Metro-Land?

A

A series of suburbs north of London linked to the city centre by the Metropolitan Railway - Watford, Northwood.

308
Q

When was British rail formed?

A

1948 - big four struggling to compete with road transport

309
Q

When was the first Beeching Report?

A

1963

310
Q

When was the second Beeching Report?

A

1965

311
Q

What did Beeching recommend?

A

Closure of over half of all stations and almost a third of all track miles (around 5000 miles) to make British rail profitable

312
Q

When did track closure begin?

A

1963

313
Q

Example of a closed line?

A

Harpenden to Hemel

314
Q

When was the New Towns Act?

A

1946

315
Q

What did the New Towns Act do?

A

Built Stevenage and Hemel

Edexcel History: Britain Transformed (5 decks)

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