Changing Spaces, Making Places Flashcards
What does a place include?
Location and meaning
When does a place come into existence?
When humans give meaning to a part of the larger, undifferentiated space
What characteristics shape the identity of a place?
Demographic, socio-economic, cultural, natural/physical environment, built environment and political
What is demographic?
Who lives there? How many people and what type of people? Who works there? Who visits the place? Age, gender and ethnic breakdown of the population?
What is the socio-economic characteristic?
Employment - % and what sectors? Income, education, family status and crime rates
What are cultural characteristics?
Religion, local traditions/events, clubs/societies/ groups
What is the natural/physical environment?
Altitude/relief, rivers/drainage, geology, aspect, natural resources
What is the built environment?
Road patter/layout, age and style of buildings and building materials
What are political characteristics?
Local MP - which party? What are the important issues in the area? Who runs the local council? Housing/resident assosiations?
Lympstone, East Devon: characteristics shaping a place’s identity
Natural environment: SW facing on the NE bank of River Exe estuary, occupying a small valley with its drainage cut by Wotton Brook. Red breccia cliffs mark the edge of the estuary, and extensive tidal mudflats extend out into the estuary which is 1.5km wide at Lympstone, small beach of pebbles and gravel runs along the foot of the cliff.
Demography: population density of 16.6 persons per hectare with a total population of 17, 800 (2017) and a top heavy age structure (25% of pop in 2011 census was over 65 years old). 48.5% male ad 51.5% female. Very homogenous 98.9% white.
Socio-economic: 1.7% unemployed, 63.1% of economically active population employed, 21% retired (10x higher than Toxteth) 70% of males are economically active vs 57% of females (older/traditional society). 35.2% of working population in management/professional roles. 66.1% of people own their own homes, with only 32.8% renting. 12.7% have no access to a car whilst only 4.1% of people have very bad/bad health (higher income better health). Only 14.1% of people aged 16+ have no formal qualifications.
Cultural: Christian tradition of Sunday services, long establish tradition of Christmas and Easter being key parts of the calendar, 47% of residents affiliated to Christian religion. Lympstone Furry Dance - day of festivities in August, fancy dress, carnival. Local clubs include choir that sings sea shanties, yoga, railway preservation and brownies.
Political: parish council will 11 elected people serving, various powers and duties focused on local matters, they express views on planning applications but have limited powers as both a district (East Devon) and a county council (Devon) exist above the local council. Part of an area that elects 2 district councillors and 1 county councillor. The parliamentary constituency that includes Lympstone (east Devon) has an electorate of just over 72,000 and returns just 1 MP.
Built: began to expand in the 19th century in response to some local fishing industries but mainly due to tourism, but remained a small village. 36.6%b of houses are detached, 29.3% semi-detached, 24.4% terraced, 9.7% flats. Former lower order shops have closed and been converted into residences, some new housing has been constructed, including large detached houses on the cliff top of the village’s periphery, the heart of the village is subject to strict planning rules and local residents protect the architecture. building materials include cob, local stone and brick with quite high density of housing.
Toxteth, Liverpool (inner city area): characteristics shaping a place’s identity
Natural: SW facing on east bank of the River Mersey, occupies undulating land rising up from the east bank of the River Mersey as it flows NNW into Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea. A stream flows from the NE, dividing into 2 before discharging into the river. The Mersey is fast flowing past Toxteth as its channel narrows before passing into Liverpool Bay so there is little foreshore, a few mudflats are there.
Demography: population density of 87.7 persons per hectare (5x higher than Lympstone), total Liverpool pop is 336,430 but Riverside ward has 17,210 persons. Few elderly residents with the majority (75%) of residents aged between 16-64, significantly fewer children than Lympstone (14% vs 20%). 54% male and 46% female (a younger migrant population). Greater ethnic diversity exists 78.6% white, 6.9% black/African/Caribbean, 6% mixed race, 4.6% Asian (2011 census). Migrants have always been attracted to large cities such as Liverpool.
Socio-economic: 12% unemployed, 61% of economically active population employed, 2.4% retired, 73% males vs 67% females economically active, with 31.6% in management/professional roles. 24% own homes (3x less than Lympstone), 73% rent (over twice as high), 54/4% no car access, 9.4% very bad/bad health, 22.5% of 16+ have no formal qualifications.
Cultural: religion change around time of major Muslim festivals such as Eid and Ramadan, the importance of Friday prayers is apparent, 6% Muslim, 70% Christian.
Political: part of Riverside ward, one of 30 wards making Liverpool City Council, each returns 3 councillors. The city council has powers and duties similar to Lympstone, electorate of 73,000 in the Liverpool Riverside parliamentary constituency. Much political unrest associated with the July 1981 riots sparked by social inequality in long term and poor relations between police and black residents in short term (stop and search). Community Land Trust set up in L8 by residents who started a local market (now most popular) and are redeveloping derelict homes, selling or renting them at affordable prices to people who can claim a local connection.
Built: mostly terraced housing, housing families of those employed in docks and industries in the 19th century. Approx 90% terraced housing, Mosques and ethnic retailers are visual indicators of changing place, many buildings have changes their use and new ones have been constructed, using bricks leading to a high density of housing. Overall more urban and industrial.
Why is defining space and place inherently complex?
It is a subjective science, perception is an individual/subjective thing
What factors influence perception of place?
Age, gender, sexuality, religion, ethnicity, role in society, socio-economic status, stereotypes
What are diasporas?
A population of a country who have migrates abroad and keep strong identity ties and have strong emotional attachment to their homeland
Who are the Kurds? Where do they live? What is the physical and human geography of the region like?
The Kurds are an ethnic group spread across Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Iran and Iraq. There are 18-30million people in this area and another 2-3million living as a diaspora. They are the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East. They inhabit the regions surrounding the Zagros Mountains, consisting of an extensive plateau and mountain area spread over large parts of their region. They have lots of oil and gas reserves to sell
Why are the Kurds stateless and why do they have a strong emotional attachment to their place?
After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1920 the Kurds were promised their own state in the Treaty of Sevres which was later rejected by Turkish leaders, who then repressed Kurdish uprisings over a few decades. In 1988 there were poison-gas attacks on Kurdish cities from Iraqi leaders killing 5,000 Kurds, and then in1991 during the First Gulf War the northern Iraq Kurdish area came under international protection.
The Kurds have strong emotional attachment because they have been settled here for over 4,000 years and so believe it to be their home. This influences their behaviour because they want to set up their own sate and semi-autonomous government to run themselves, this has been slightly achieved because they have a small government and have their own military which have helped in the past against ISIS and other terrorist groups, they still want their own state however.
What is ‘Globalisation’?
The increasing interconnection and interdependence of the world’s economic, cultural and political system
What is Harvey’s ‘time-space compression’?
A reduction in the friction of distance, this creates what could be called a ‘global village’
What is time-space convergence?
The process, made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication, by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel (or send messages) between them
What are formal agencies?
Any recorded data or statistical representation of a place is known as a ‘formal agency’
What are types of formal agencies?
Census - started in 1801, and done every 10 years since in the UK
Geospatial data - data with locational positioning
What kind of information is recorded during a UK census?
Age, gender, employment, martial status, religion, ethnicity, type of accommodation, tenure, car ownership, dependants, long term limiting illness, household amenities, methods of transport to work
Why is census information important for government planning?
It gives data for education revives, healthcare services, planning infrastructure, housing and tackling crime
What are informal agencies?
TV, film, books, blogs, social media, photography, music, art/graffiti