Changing Spaces, Making Places Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What does a place include?
A
Location and meaning
2
Q
When does a place come into existence?
A
When humans give meaning to a part of the larger, undifferentiated space
3
Q
What characteristics shape the identity of a place?
A
Demographic, socio-economic, cultural, natural/physical environment, built environment and political
4
Q
What is demographic?
A
Who lives there? How many people and what type of people? Who works there? Who visits the place? Age, gender and ethnic breakdown of the population?
5
Q
What is the socio-economic characteristic?
A
Employment - % and what sectors? Income, education, family status and crime rates
6
Q
What are cultural characteristics?
A
Religion, local traditions/events, clubs/societies/ groups
7
Q
What is the natural/physical environment?
A
Altitude/relief, rivers/drainage, geology, aspect, natural resources
8
Q
What is the built environment?
A
Road patter/layout, age and style of buildings and building materials
9
Q
What are political characteristics?
A
Local MP - which party? What are the important issues in the area? Who runs the local council? Housing/resident assosiations?
10
Q
Lympstone, East Devon: characteristics shaping a place’s identity
A
Natural environment: SW facing on the NE bank of River Exe estuary, occupying a small valley with its drainage cut by Wotton Brook. Red breccia cliffs mark the edge of the estuary, and extensive tidal mudflats extend out into the estuary which is 1.5km wide at Lympstone, small beach of pebbles and gravel runs along the foot of the cliff.
Demography: population density of 16.6 persons per hectare with a total population of 17, 800 (2017) and a top heavy age structure (25% of pop in 2011 census was over 65 years old). 48.5% male ad 51.5% female. Very homogenous 98.9% white.
Socio-economic: 1.7% unemployed, 63.1% of economically active population employed, 21% retired (10x higher than Toxteth) 70% of males are economically active vs 57% of females (older/traditional society). 35.2% of working population in management/professional roles. 66.1% of people own their own homes, with only 32.8% renting. 12.7% have no access to a car whilst only 4.1% of people have very bad/bad health (higher income better health). Only 14.1% of people aged 16+ have no formal qualifications.
Cultural: Christian tradition of Sunday services, long establish tradition of Christmas and Easter being key parts of the calendar, 47% of residents affiliated to Christian religion. Lympstone Furry Dance - day of festivities in August, fancy dress, carnival. Local clubs include choir that sings sea shanties, yoga, railway preservation and brownies.
Political: parish council will 11 elected people serving, various powers and duties focused on local matters, they express views on planning applications but have limited powers as both a district (East Devon) and a county council (Devon) exist above the local council. Part of an area that elects 2 district councillors and 1 county councillor. The parliamentary constituency that includes Lympstone (east Devon) has an electorate of just over 72,000 and returns just 1 MP.
Built: began to expand in the 19th century in response to some local fishing industries but mainly due to tourism, but remained a small village. 36.6%b of houses are detached, 29.3% semi-detached, 24.4% terraced, 9.7% flats. Former lower order shops have closed and been converted into residences, some new housing has been constructed, including large detached houses on the cliff top of the village’s periphery, the heart of the village is subject to strict planning rules and local residents protect the architecture. building materials include cob, local stone and brick with quite high density of housing.
11
Q
Toxteth, Liverpool (inner city area): characteristics shaping a place’s identity
A
Natural: SW facing on east bank of the River Mersey, occupies undulating land rising up from the east bank of the River Mersey as it flows NNW into Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea. A stream flows from the NE, dividing into 2 before discharging into the river. The Mersey is fast flowing past Toxteth as its channel narrows before passing into Liverpool Bay so there is little foreshore, a few mudflats are there.
Demography: population density of 87.7 persons per hectare (5x higher than Lympstone), total Liverpool pop is 336,430 but Riverside ward has 17,210 persons. Few elderly residents with the majority (75%) of residents aged between 16-64, significantly fewer children than Lympstone (14% vs 20%). 54% male and 46% female (a younger migrant population). Greater ethnic diversity exists 78.6% white, 6.9% black/African/Caribbean, 6% mixed race, 4.6% Asian (2011 census). Migrants have always been attracted to large cities such as Liverpool.
Socio-economic: 12% unemployed, 61% of economically active population employed, 2.4% retired, 73% males vs 67% females economically active, with 31.6% in management/professional roles. 24% own homes (3x less than Lympstone), 73% rent (over twice as high), 54/4% no car access, 9.4% very bad/bad health, 22.5% of 16+ have no formal qualifications.
Cultural: religion change around time of major Muslim festivals such as Eid and Ramadan, the importance of Friday prayers is apparent, 6% Muslim, 70% Christian.
Political: part of Riverside ward, one of 30 wards making Liverpool City Council, each returns 3 councillors. The city council has powers and duties similar to Lympstone, electorate of 73,000 in the Liverpool Riverside parliamentary constituency. Much political unrest associated with the July 1981 riots sparked by social inequality in long term and poor relations between police and black residents in short term (stop and search). Community Land Trust set up in L8 by residents who started a local market (now most popular) and are redeveloping derelict homes, selling or renting them at affordable prices to people who can claim a local connection.
Built: mostly terraced housing, housing families of those employed in docks and industries in the 19th century. Approx 90% terraced housing, Mosques and ethnic retailers are visual indicators of changing place, many buildings have changes their use and new ones have been constructed, using bricks leading to a high density of housing. Overall more urban and industrial.
12
Q
Why is defining space and place inherently complex?
A
It is a subjective science, perception is an individual/subjective thing
13
Q
What factors influence perception of place?
A
Age, gender, sexuality, religion, ethnicity, role in society, socio-economic status, stereotypes
14
Q
What are diasporas?
A
A population of a country who have migrates abroad and keep strong identity ties and have strong emotional attachment to their homeland
15
Q
Who are the Kurds? Where do they live? What is the physical and human geography of the region like?
A
The Kurds are an ethnic group spread across Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Iran and Iraq. There are 18-30million people in this area and another 2-3million living as a diaspora. They are the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East. They inhabit the regions surrounding the Zagros Mountains, consisting of an extensive plateau and mountain area spread over large parts of their region. They have lots of oil and gas reserves to sell
16
Q
Why are the Kurds stateless and why do they have a strong emotional attachment to their place?
A
After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1920 the Kurds were promised their own state in the Treaty of Sevres which was later rejected by Turkish leaders, who then repressed Kurdish uprisings over a few decades. In 1988 there were poison-gas attacks on Kurdish cities from Iraqi leaders killing 5,000 Kurds, and then in1991 during the First Gulf War the northern Iraq Kurdish area came under international protection.
The Kurds have strong emotional attachment because they have been settled here for over 4,000 years and so believe it to be their home. This influences their behaviour because they want to set up their own sate and semi-autonomous government to run themselves, this has been slightly achieved because they have a small government and have their own military which have helped in the past against ISIS and other terrorist groups, they still want their own state however.
17
Q
What is ‘Globalisation’?
A
The increasing interconnection and interdependence of the world’s economic, cultural and political system
18
Q
What is Harvey’s ‘time-space compression’?
A
A reduction in the friction of distance, this creates what could be called a ‘global village’
19
Q
What is time-space convergence?
A
The process, made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication, by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel (or send messages) between them
20
Q
What are formal agencies?
A
Any recorded data or statistical representation of a place is known as a ‘formal agency’
21
Q
What are types of formal agencies?
A
Census - started in 1801, and done every 10 years since in the UK
Geospatial data - data with locational positioning
22
Q
What kind of information is recorded during a UK census?
A
Age, gender, employment, martial status, religion, ethnicity, type of accommodation, tenure, car ownership, dependants, long term limiting illness, household amenities, methods of transport to work
23
Q
Why is census information important for government planning?
A
It gives data for education revives, healthcare services, planning infrastructure, housing and tackling crime
24
Q
What are informal agencies?
A
TV, film, books, blogs, social media, photography, music, art/graffiti
25
What is social inequality?
The unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across a population. The uneven distribution of opportunities and rewards occur for different social groups, defined by factors such as age, gender, class, sexuality, religion or ethnicity
26
What is quality of life?
The extent to which people's general wellbeing are met, including access to services such as health, education and leisure
27
What is standard of living?
people's income and ability to access services and goods
28
What is multiple deprivation?
Occurs when a person's standard of living and quality of life fall below a level which is generally thought of as an acceptable minimum, it is more than just poverty , although the two usually occur together, it is about a general lack of resources and opportunities
29
Which 7 indices make up the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
Income, housing, education, healthcare, employment, crime, living environment
30
Why is income part of the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
At a global scale, role of income in measuring inequality is seen in the World Bank's definition of absolute poverty (less than $1.25/day PPP). The use of purchasing power parity (PPP) is important as the cost of goods and services can vary form country to country due to variation in the value of currency. Relative poverty relates level of poverty to distribution of income in a place. UK and EU - 60% of the median. The Gini coefficient is a ration between 0 and 1, the lower the value, the more equal income distribution.
31
Why is housing part of the IMD?
Being able to afford accommodation of an adequate standard is closely related to income. Housing tenure is an important indicator. Some rent from private landlords while others rent from a local authority. Charities also provide subsidised homes. The term squatter settlements applies when there is no legal right to the land.
32
Why is education in the IMD?
Formal education provided by schools, colleges, apprenticeships and universities. Informal education can be gained from doing something in the home or workplace. Acquisition of skills can be underestimated is only formal are measured. Literacy levels present clear contrasts around the world.
33
Why is healthcare in the IMD?
Access to healthcare and levels of ill-health are closely associated with social inequality. The measure of number of doctors per 1000 people is often used to show global health inequality. Health is not just a matter of medical provision, access to clean water, effective sanitation, quality and quantity of diet, type of housing and air quality. Also a matter of social behaviour and lifestyle
34
Why is employment in the IMD?
% unemployment is perhaps the single most important indicator, but it is not always straight forward. Not all countries take counts of employment and what counts can be difficult to quantify. Someone may be in employment but receiving low wages.
35
Why is access to services in the IMD?
Globally there is a great difference between ACs, EDCs, and LIDCs in people having access to education and healthcare but also services such as law enforcement. In most countries there is a rural-urban divide. % with access to internet is a useful measure.
36
What is in the cycle of deprivation?
Poverty (low wages or unemployment) -> poor living conditions (poor accommodation, overcrowding, run-down area) -> ill-health (stress and strain) -> poor education (old schools) -> poor skills (poor occupational skills) -> poverty
37
What is the Human Development Index?
A composite indicator of inequality. The most accurate measure of a country's development, based of an economic, health and education indicators. It is a composite development indicator accounting for income (PPP in US$), life expectancy at birth and adult literacy rate and average number of years spent in school. All three variables are weighed equally and the final score will be between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)
38
What are the two types of economic change?
Structural and cyclical
39
What is structural economic change?
De-industrialisation, the rise of the service industry
40
What is cyclical economic change?
Booms and recessions
41
What drives structural economic change?
Globalisation
42
What is the primary sector?
Work to do with the extraction of raw materials from the ground or the sea, to be supplied to other industries.
43
What is the secondary sector?
Involves the manufacturing or assembly of finished goods using the raw materials from primary industry
44
What is the tertiary sector?
Involves the provision of different services
45
What is the quaternary sector?
The provision of highly specialist and hi-tech information - universities are important in this sector
46
What key ideas are associated with global connections and globalisation?
Rise of transnational corporations, increased interconnectedness between nation-states, a global shift has occurred - manufacturing has moved to EDCs and more recently LIDCs, this has resulted in a New International Division of Labour (NIDL), this has led to economic restructuring in many countries
47
What comes with structural economic change?
Loss of employment in primary sector and secondary sectors in ACs as the comparative advantage of locating in EDCs and LIDCs increase. ACs have transformed into post-industrial societies in which most people work in the tertiary and quaternary sectors. Economic restructuring has lead to mine and factory closures and job losses. Places in ACs that heavily relied on the traditional industries have been badly affected. Deindustrialisation has led to high unemployment, ill-health, and a lasting legacy on the physical environment. However, some places have benefitted massively, with TNCs choosing to invest in growth areas.
48
What effect does the global shift have?
Negative effects for people in ex-industrial parts of ACs but also negative consequences for those in EDCs and LIDCs where new factories have been set up because the workers may be subject to long hours, poor working conditions and minimal pay all in the drive to produce more for a lower price
49
Positives and negatives of structural economic change in ACs
Cheaper imports of all relatively labour-intensive products can keep the cost of living down and a booming retail sector. Greater efficiency in surviving secondary outlets. Economic growth in LIDCs may lead to a demand for exports from ACs. Promotion of labour market flexibility and efficiency greater worker mobility to areas with relative scarcities of labour should be good for the country. Greater industrial efficiency should lead to development of new technologies promote entrepreneurship and attract foreign investment. Loss of mining and manufacturing industries can lead to an improved environmental quality.
Rising job exports lead to inevitable job losses, especially in primary and secondary sectors. Job losses are often unskilled workers, and they have a skills mismatch wen finding new service sector work. Big gaps develop between skilled and unskilled workers who may experience extreme redeployment differences. Employment gains from new efficiencies will only occur is industrialised countries can keep their wage demands down. Job losses are invariably concentrated in certain areas and certain industries, this can lead to deindustrialisation and structural unemployment in certain regions. Branch plants are particularly vulnerable as in times of economic recession they are first to close, often with large numbers of job losses.
50
Positives and negatives of structural economic change in LIDCs and EDCs
Higher export-generated income promotes export-led growth and promotes investment in productive capacity (multiplier effect). Can trickle down to local areas with many new highly paid jobs. Can reduce negative trade balances. Can lead to exposure to new technologies, improvement of skills and labour productivity. Employment growth in relatively labour-intensive manufacturing spreads wealth and does redress global injustice.
Unlikely to decrease inequality as jobs tend to be concentrated in core regions of urban areas and so may promote immigration. Disruptive social impacts. Can lead to overdependence on a narrow economic base. Can destabilise food supplies, as people give up agriculture. Environmental issues associated with over-rapid industrialisation. Health and safety issues because of a lack of legislation to protect workers and operate in a safe manner.
51
What is the multiplier effect?
The encouragement of growth in sectors through the expansion of new and old industry, which continues.
52
What is comparative advantage?
A country's ability to produce a good or service more efficiently and inexpensively than another country
53
Are economic booms and recessions inevitable?
Yes, everywhere
54
Is cyclical economic change uniform across a country or region? Why?
No, different types of economic activity occur in different places
55
Are cyclical and structural economic changes related?
Often since a structural shift in a place's economic sector may result in either a boom or recession
56
What measures might be used to indicate a boom or recession?
```
GDP (main indicator)
GDP per capita
Income
Unemployment rate
House prices
Industrial output
Wholesale/retail output
Inflation/deflation
```
57
How does the capitalist economic system operate?
In cycles of growth and stagnation
58
Who supposed that 50-year cycles of growth and decline have occurred since 1750?
Russian economist Kondratieff
59
What is growth driven by?
Technological innovation
60
When does a decline occur?
When technology is no longer 'new', so fewer opportunities for growth to occur, at this point a recession often takes hold
61
What is a boom?
A boom is a period of significant output within an economy, marked by productivity increases, sales increases, wage increases and rising demand, a boom may be accompanied by a period of inflation
62
Where is technological innovation often concentrated?
Core areas, within which the multiplier effect is strong
63
What is a recession?
Defined as two or more successive quarters in which the economy shrinks, usually unevenly distributed across space (spatially uneven). Even in far-reaching recessions, certain places tend to be hit harder than others.
64
Who is more able to cope with recessions?
Usually the more skilled you are the more employment opportunities you will have
65
An example of contrasting effects of recession within a country is Silicone Valley and Detroit in the USA
Silicone Valley: southern part of San Francisco Bay, California. Centred on Santa Clara Valley and San Jose. Home to many of the world's largest hi-tech corporations and thousands or start-up businesses.
66
Why has Silicone Valley boomed over the last few decades?
Education: Stanford university has close links with much of the research carried out and offers a regular supply of high quality graduates.
Capital: availability of venture capital, which funds the development of risky innovations. Nearly half of all venture capital in the USA is spent in Silicone Valley and it has the most millionaires and billionaires in relation to the population of the region.
Support services: law firms specialising in patent and copyright law have clustered in Silicone Valley also offering opportunities for those with relevant skills.
Comparative advantage and multiplier effect
67
What are some of the negative aspects of work in Silicone Valley?
Many production line workers are not paid more than minimum wage and the manufacture of some of the computer components involve exposure to toxic chemicals which pose health risks. The majority are female migrant from Asia or Latin America
68
What type of industry has Detroit traditionally relied upon?
Motor industry 1950s, highest median incomes and rate of home ownership in the states
69
How has the experience of Detroit post-2009 recession differed to the experience of Silicone Valley?
Whilst Silicone Valley has boomed, Detroit has experienced 'bust'. The negative multiplier effect has been very apparent. Standard of living and quality of life has dropped for most. 1/3 of Detroit has been abandoned. Average house prices $7500. Unemployment rate of 29% and unemployment rate is 17%. Detroit city council is $300 million in debt and is cutting further public services. Economic recession has been marked. Population has declined from 2 million to 900,000 (ie over 50%)
70
How has Detroit's experience resulted form a combination of structural and cyclical economic change?
Structural change - decline of secondary industry in an AC due to competition from abroad/comparative advantage. Rise of the tertiary and quaternary sectors (but located elsewhere)
Cyclical change - motor industry was once at the forefront of technological innovation, now it has been replaced by high tech, biotech and the knowledge economy.
71
Methods used by the UK government to attempt to tackle social and economic inequalities
```
Income tax
Subsidies/welfare payments
Planning
Law
Education
```
72
Why is income tax used to tackle social and economic inequalities?
Often used by governments to redistribute wealth from more prosperous to less prosperous groups and so create a fairer society. Most governments have progressive tax systems where the better-off pay a larger proportion of their incomes in tax. Essential items such as food may be exempt from tax, this benefits poorer groups that spend a larger percentage of their income on food
73
Why are subsidies/welfare payments used?
Governments give subsidies to poorer groups to reduce inequality, children in poor families may get free school meals, clothing allowances and help with university fees, pensioners may get subsidies for fuel and transport. Other subsidies may include free child care for single parents. Low wage earners, unemployed workers and those with long-term disability are entitled to benefits
74
Why is planning used?
Governments, charities and housing agencies often give priority to upgrading housing and services in the poorest areas. Planning is often organised geographically and is targeted at the most deprived areas which vary in scale from neighbourhoods to entire regions
75
Why is law used?
Legislation exists which outlaws discrimination on racial, ethnic, gender and age criteria and aims to give equal opportunities to all groups. The poorest groups of workers are protected by minimum-wage legislation
76
Why is education used?
Governments often provide funding for training and upgrading skills in order to raise skill levels, qualifications and improve employment prospects and boost economic growth. Education programmes designed to improve personal health
77
Why is tackling social and economic inequalities such a difficult task for the UK government?
Government spending in the UK was estimated to be £808 billion in 2018, split approximately 3/4s by central government and 1/4 by local government.
20% of spending was on pensions
18% on health
15% on welfare
12% on education
35% - the remainder - spent on transport, defence and international development
78
Why are pensions part of tackling social and economic inequalities?
Spending on pensions has almost doubled in the past dozen years due to increasing life expectancy and an ageing population. State pension withdrawing age has had to be raised, some of the poorest members are relying on state pension, although some are also entitled to benefits. There tends to be a disproportionate number of these people living in inner cities and this contributes to high levels of multiple derivation in these areas. Huge inequalities between groups of pensioner, and those who also have occupational pensions - an additional income to the state pension
79
Why is healthcare a part?
Healthcare in ACs is provided by a combination of government and private organisations. In the UK, the health service is 'free at the point of delivery', people pay for the NHS through the tax system, but the provision of health service varies. Language and cultural barriers and the role of status of women have been obstacles to recently arrived migrants accessing health services. With some groups fear of immunisation and a lack of resistance to childhood diseases such as measles have meant that children are unprotected against common diseases such as measles and whooping cough. Literature is produced in ethnic minority languages to inform parents of the benefits of immunisation and as literacy as improved and more assimilation has taken place so overall health care has improved. There is a hierarchy in the provision of healthcare from the GP surgery through to specialist units treating rare diseases in large teaching hospitals. As medical care has become more technological, it has become concentrated in fewer but larger facilities, meanwhile in rural areas and many small towns, local cottage hospitals have closed, for lower-income families and the elderly with lower levels of personal mobility, access to health services in these areas can become a problem
80
Why are rural service a part?
For many decades, a cornerstone of rural planning in the UK has been to support rural areas through the key settlement policy: services such as education and healthcare, employment and housing have been concentrated into large villages and small towns. These places act as hubs for people living in surrounding smaller settlements, the idea behind this policy was that if it is a service supported by a critical mass of people than it would be sustainable. As improvements in personal mobility have taken place, many rural residents no longer rely exclusively on their nearest key settlement, often combining trips for employment and shopping and access a range of destinations such as the supermarkets and retail parks on the edges of an urban place, this behaviour has been helped by extended opening hours, the availability of home delivery services by food retailers also provide other options.
81
How is education reducing inequality, creating opportunities by government spending? How is it reinforcing or creating patterns of inequality?
£102 billion spent 2018-19. Education is the third biggest area of spending, with an 11.1% share down from 13% in 2007, skewed by the move away from student grants to loans, which are not counted as spending. Some schools will be left behind in the bid to upgrade the education system leaving many of the poorest children unable to get an education and so will not be able to get a better paid job when they are older and so their children may also face the same problem
82
How is healthcare reducing inequality, creating opportunities by government spending, and how is it reinforcing or creating patterns of inequality?
£15 billion spent 2018-19. The next biggest government outlay, this share has been increasing for decades, a trend likely to continue as the population ages and potentially more expensive as treatments and medicines enter the market.
Although more money is spent on healthcare each year, the growing divide in inequalities also becomes bigger, this is due to not as much money being put into childcare so child mortality rate is 6.1 per every 1000 babies, with less spending in rural areas
83
How is infrastructure reducing inequality, creating opportunities by government spending, and how is it reinforcing or creating patterns of inequality?
Northern mayors want more investment in transport after figures showed train services also got worse, the number of cancelled and significantly late trains on the TransPennine Express and northern franchises more than doubled for 20,000 in 2014-15 to 47,000 in 2018-19, it meant that one in every 20 services was either cancelled or more than 30 minutes late arriving at its destination.
The government had 'undermined' the project while making cuts in public spending, although spending has recently increased, the north has seen an overall £3.6 billion a year reduction in real terms since 2009-10, while southeast and southwest England saw a £4.7billion rise.
84
How has community services reduced inequality, creating opportunities by government spending, and how is it reinforcing or creating patterns of inequality?
The gap between the richest and poorest households in the UK has narrowed since the recession of 2007-08, in its latest report on living standards from the Institute for Fiscal Studies has said rising employment and sharp falls in income in the middle and top earning households was behind the decline in inequality, there had been a 'dramatic' fall in inequality in London, however the capital is still the most unequal region in Great Britain.
The progress on reducing poverty has really stalled and now poverty started tick up again so those groups for children and pensioners where poverty fell, progress is starting to be undone. Average median income is only 3.7% higher than 2007-8. Absolute poverty has changed little over the last decade. The West Midlands is the lowest income region in Great Britain, the fastest income growth has been in the South-East and Scotland.
85
Evidence of social inequality in housing conditions, environmental quality, crime rates, digital divide in Jembatan Besi, Jakarta, Indonesia
Housing: most densely populated in Indonesia, most homes are well built using timber and brick on the ground floor but become more makeshift with height, using scrap materials. Fire is a constant risk, due to overcrowding, use of kerosene gas, improvised electrical wiring, most of which is overloaded. Narrow alleys and tall buildings leave homes with virtually no natural light.
EQ: air pollution is at very high levels leading to poor health, no part of the slum is connected to the sewer network.
Crime: high, organised crime is rife and prosecutions low due to corruption
Digital divide: few have access to the internet or know how to use a computer, and this is isolating in a global world.
86
Range of factors influencing people's social inequality in income, gender, age, health, personal mobility, ethnicity and education in Jembatan Besi
Incomes are very low, average of $US4/day but income is irregular, much self employment/informal employment. Formal employment is mainly in the garment industry and comes with little job security. Few health and safety precautions in these small factories.
Employment is very gendered, females dominate the garment industry. Youthful population with over 45% being under the age of 20. Low life expectancy of 65.
Health is a major concern, sanitation low with few toilets in homes and some run for profit by local businesses, discharging into open sewers. Nutrition is dominated by rice with little fresh protein or vegetables. Epidemics of water-born diseases. 40% residents own rickshaw or moped, the remainder walk or bike.
Ethnicity: mainly Javanese families who have lived there for several generations and 25% are more recent migrants, some also from Laos and ambodia.
Most inhabitants have little formal education and provide unskilled, casual labour. Schools are poorly equipped, and children often do not complete formal education as they are needed to earn money to supplement family incomes. Poverty cycle is the result. Multiple deprivation.
87
How is social inequality impacting on people's daily life in different ways?
Social inequality impact people's daily life by being a constant presence of deprivation or wealth. In Jakarta the people live in slums of low environmental quality, makeshift housing that isn't meant to be there in the first place and has been built up through people moving from rural areas to the city but not having enough money to live actually in the city. We know that it is makeshift housing because the materials are scavenged or found at a local dumping ground but also the lack of services which means the government wasn't ready or available to help the people moving in. Unable to climb out of poverty with no education to get better, cannot move further, more susceptible to disease so low life expectancy
88
Evidence of social inequality in housing conditions, environmental quality, crime rates, digital divide in Northwood, Irvine, Southern California, USA
Housing: a single family houses on relatively large lots. 91% of people own their own home. Average household size in 2.8 persons. 2/3 have lived in Northwood for more than 10 years.
EQ: high, Northwood regularly ranks highly as 'best place to live', air pollution relatively low, avoids smog that blights LA.
Crime: 70% lower than the national average. Irvine is safer than 96% of cities in the USA. Violent crime at 50 per 100,000 people in Irvine compared to 366 nationally. Vehicle theft is 52 per 100,000 in Irvine but 220 per 100,000 nationally.
Digital divide: Northwood is connected to a high speed broadband network, meaning than an astonishing 93% of the population is online and ICT literate.
89
Range of factors influencing people's social inequality in income, gender, age, health, personal mobility, ethnicity and education in Northwood, Irvine, Southern California, USA
Income: median is US$86,500/year. Uni of California in Irvine is city's largest employer. High tech companies, TNCs with HQ's, many new start-up ventures, well-serviced premises and venture capital.
Gender: slight gender divide in the nature of work, with large TNCs in the area employing slightly more than 50% males, while tertiary education services employ a more evenly gendered workforce. More women than men are unemployed, which is likely to be reflective of the higher number of stay-at-home mothers than fathers. Overall in terms of education qualifications and employment , gender parity is exceptionally high in Northwood, compared to the USA as a whole.
Age: life expectancy is 80, Northwood is dominated by families with children.
Health: all of Northwood's residents have access to safe drinking water, electricity, gas, waste collection services and all buildings are connected to the municipal sewage system.
Personal mobility: high, very good transport network
Ethnicity: 50% of residents are whit, then Asian then Vietnamese
Education: schools amongst the highest achieving in the US. 5 high schools and several tertiary education facilities. 68.5% of residents aged 25+ have degrees, with 10.5% possessing masters or doctorates.
90
How is social inequality impacting on people's daily life in different ways?
Little to no social inequality for the richer of the society with 50% of the population of white origin. The average number of people living in a house is 2.8, which is very little in relation to how big the houses are. The people there have very good internet, water, electricity, and gas services as well as sewage and waste collection services. Lots of education opportunities so children can better themselves and earn more money with better job opportunities later on in life. Life expectancy is high due to reduced risks on health by disease. Not really affected.
91
What might economic change look like in a place?
Structural and cyclical economic change in ACs, EDCs and LIDCs
92
How does structural economic change effect ACs?
Rise in service sector jobs
Cost of living may go down as products produced cheaply abroad
New technologies develop
Rise in entrepreneurship
Loss of manufacturing jobs for some - skills mismatch - this is likely to be spatially concentrated
Rising wealth divide
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How does SEC effect EDCs?
Rise in secondary sector jobs
Export-led growth of economy and related multiplier effect
Exposure to new technology, improvement and labour productivity
May contribute to reduction in global development gap
Rural-urban migration
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How does SEC effect LIDCs?
Reliance upon agriculture continues
| Marginalised even further globally as EDCs develop at an increasing rate
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How does cyclical economic change affect ACs, EDCs and LIDCs?
Different places will feel different effects of cyclical change, even within a country
Some will feel change strongly (leading to multiplier effect - positive or negative)
Other places may not feel effects strongly
In global recessions, LIDCs may be hardest hit due to lack of diversity in economy, even within a country, certain places which are reliant on a particular sector may feel the effects of recession more strongly.
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What is economic change driven by?
A number of players or stakeholders
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What are stakeholders?
Individuals, groups or people, formal organisations who influence, or are influenced by, the processes of change
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Who are public players before, during and after economic change?
Local government
National government
Transnational government
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Who are private players before, during and after economic change?
TNCs/MNCs
Local communities
NGOs (non-governmental organisations
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Background to Birmingham
Birmingham is located in the West Midlands, in the heart of the UK and a part of the West Midlands conurbation. It is located at the hub of national motorway network, with the M6 liking to the M1 just to the east, the M5 and M40 acting as major spokes, and the M42 providing a ring road around the city. Vast internal canal network, but also its connection via waterway to other major UK cities.
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Socio-economic characteristic of Birmingham prior to structural economic change
Birmingham's economy grew rapidly during and in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, and it gained a reputation as the 'city of a thousand trades'. Crucial components of this were machines used for processing cotton, the production of more efficient steam engines and metal working industries. The region surrounding became known as the Black Country because of the rich supplies of coal to power the metal working industries. First factory in the world in Birmingham in 1761 by Matthew Boulton. The 1800s saw overwhelming growth, with guns, coins, jewellery, buttons, pen nibs and brass being major industries. Other needed industries needed to supply a growing population also sprung up. All of these industries required financing, so banks, insurance and legal firms developed in the city. Transport infrastructure also developed, with the London to Birmingham railway opening in 1838. In the mid 1800s local traders commissioned the building of new canals connecting the city to nearby coal deposits, causing the price of coal to plummet and further drive industrial profit in Birmingham. During the first half of the 20th, growth continued, with the motor industry being a major focus. The Austin car plant opened in 1906 at Longridge. Chemical industries also flourished, with Bakelite being manufactured in the city. The diversity of industries in the city allowed Birmingham to respond reasonably well to the Great Depression of the inter-war years.
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Demographic of Birmingham
During the 1700s, as the Industrial revolution took hold an dgathered momentum, the population grew from around 15,000 to around 100,000 as workers migrated into the city from surrounding drural areas and other parts of the British Isles. This growth became more dramatic in the 1800s, with a peak in the population just before the Second World War at just under 1.2 million. Overwhelming white in ethnic origin until around the 1950s, huge waves of of immigration from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent occurred form 1950 onwards, to become one of the most diverse ethnic mixes of any part of the UK.
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Cultural Birmingham
Mainly focused on the city's industrial backbone, focused on a deep-seated tradition of individualism and experimentation, which is in part why the city was home to so many new inventions, innovations and patents during its industrial prime. The Lunar Society of the 1750s was a dinner club of prominent figures in Midlands Enlightenment, ranging from industrialists to philosophers to intellectuals, who drove the city forward scientifically and industrially. The city was the birthplace of heavy metal music in the 1960s, so-called because of the city being synonymous with metal bashing industries.
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Environmental Birmingham
Heavy industry did create environmental problems for Birmingham, with heavy air pollution created by the vast array of factories and burgeoning transport network. In terms of the built environment, large areas of terraced housing were built for workers in the many industries, these houses were squeezed into spaces between factories. The development of the urban middle class who could afford to commute brought on the beginnings of urban sprawl, with the surrounding countryside being eaten up by the ever-expanding city. The remnants of this today is the continuous west-Midlands conurbation. This trend was exacerbated by the development of the transport network, including trams, suburban railways and bus routes.
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Industrial decline in Birmingham
As a result of deindustrialisation experienced by many ACs, Birmingham underwent industrial decline in the latter part of the 20th century, while it remained reasonably prosperous during the 1950s and 60s. Between 1970 and 1983, earnings fell from being the highest in the UK to almost the lowest of any region. in 1982, unemployment reached 19.4%, most notably, the % of the workforce employed in metal goods and vehicles collapsed. Birmingham's population struggled to adapt to a tertiary-orientated economy, but nonetheless, the % employed in finance and business services increased from 7.3% to 21.4% between 1978 and 2000 with other services also rising, however, it had been left behind economically by London and Manchester. Birmingham's structural economic change was compounded by a wave of cyclical economic change. Occurring during the global recession of the 1970s, in which the oil crisis of 1973 was a significant factor. The fragile geopolitics of the Middle east had resulted in an Arab-Israeli war, most western countries supported Israel, and the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, dominated by Arab such as Saudi Arabia, used oil supplies as a 'weapon', to punish western countries for supporting Israel, and many Arab states placed an embargo on oil supplies, causing the price of oil to increase tenfold. This affected Birmingham more than many other cities - relying heavily on cheap oil for its industries.
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Housing decline and Immigration in Birmingham
In the immediate post-war years, Birmingham had 110,000 sub-standard houses, due in large part to damage sustained during the war.
Huge waves of immigration from the Caribbean, South Asia and the Far East saw immigrants cluster together in areas of cheap housing close to low-skilled employment. The growing service sector required a whole range of low-skilled jobs such as office cleaners, hospital porters and taxi drivers. Soon to become one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the UK.
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How was the local government involved in Birmingham's structural economic change?
Wanted to bring about comprehensive redevelopment in the region as part of slum clearance programmes post-war period. However much of the city's success as a 'city of a thousand trades' was built upon small and medium-sized enterprises occupying small inner city cites. Th slum clearance programmes saw the demolition of many small industrial premises. Small and medium-sized enterprises had trouble finding new units to operate out of - the ones built by the local authority were often unaffordable to small and start-up businesses.
Inadvertently contributed to the city's industrial decline.
They built over 400 tower blocks in the 50s and 60s to help house the growing population. In total, between 1945 and 1970, over 81,000 new dwellings were constructed, which were poor quality, rife with crime and anti-social behaviour, and became hubs of deprivation. Essentially no better than the slum they replaced and contributed to the city's decline.
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How was the national government involved (combined with TNCs from other countries)?
Many foreign car manufactures set up factories in the UK post 1970, but not one set up in Birmingham, this is because their locations were strongly influence by grants form the UK government, a key player in economic change, which aimed to attract investment and create employment in regions that had even greater economic problems than Birmingham. Government exacerbated Birmingham's problem by not tapping into skilled car-making workforce thus entrenching social inequality in Birmingham.
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How were the trade unions/local communities/workers involved?
Trade unions encouraged workers in the motor industry to go on strikes in the 1970s, with worker pay and conditions the main motives, theses strikes made Birmingham look unfavourable to outsiders, and so became less attractive to potential investors, the decline continued
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How were large intranational organisations involved?
Oil crisis
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How were the national and local governments involved together?
They established a green belt around Birmingham to try to prevent the outward sprawl of the city, this raised land prices adjacent to the city and brought about the creation of more affluent suburban areas, exacerbating the spatial inequality across the city as a whole.
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After the structural economic change took place, what did Birmingham do?
Tried to promote itself to the outside world, set up schemes for redevelopment and plan projects to bring about physical change in the city. Huge waves of regeneration and repositioning have occurred over several decades with the aim of creating a catalyst for socio-economic improvement in the city. It has been largely successful adapting to its new role in the UK economy, despite decades of heavy decline first
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What has the local government done to help?
Actively promote the region, attracting investment to build and expand public buildings, which will attract further investment and money to the region.
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What did the national government do?
From the 20th century onwards, used schemes to help access funding for redevelopment. Set up broadband access for parts of inner city and set up work-experience programmes for locals to improve opportunities.
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What did Birmingham city council (along with transnational government) done?
Promoted Birmingham beyond the UK and to gain funding from various EU departments. 235 million Euros has been secured from EU Social Investment Fund for 2014-20, money has gone into projects such as improving insulation in run-down social housing and building small premises for start-up SMEs.
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What has the transnational government (EU) done?
Funded flagship development which is the International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall (opened 1991) which is now home to Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
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What have local universities done?
Combined population of 50,000 and therefore bring significant wealth to the economy and provide a market for a whole hose of goods and services. They employ large numbers of people who then have income to spend in the city
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What has Birmingham City Council done?
Spent money on upgrading the physical environment, including pedestrianising many streets and providing high-quality street furniture and landscaping. Also brought back the tram and light rail system whihc had been abandoned so that it is well connected to the wider region
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What has the development of HS2 done?
National governement scheme to connect London to Birmingham via high-speed railway, it is a general aim of the government to spread wealth more evenly across the county to the north of London.
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Impacts of structural economic change on people and place in Birmingham - socio-economic
Initial decline:
Despite struggles to transition to a post-industrial economy, Birmingham is no a major cmoercial, social, cultural and financial hub with one of the biggest economies in the country. Dominated by the tertiary sector (90%) and is the largest centre for public sector administration. The % employed in finance and business has increased three-fold since the 1970s , but this isn't as significant as other regions. Unemployment remain among the highest in the country (9%). Earnings have fallen relative to other regions and Birmingham has been left behind London and Manchester economically. This indicates the continued struggle to shift away from the secondary sector, clearly there is great social inequality in the city and a lack of work will have a profound effect on the quality of life and standard of living for some of the population.
Subsequent regeneration:
Largely served as a multiplier effect in the city leading to numerous jobs being created in hospitality, supply, food and drink, accommodation, transport, lesiure and so on. Other focal points include the tram and light rail systems, stations and the University of Birmingham and the National governments 'Northern Powerhouse' scheme. These have served to 'refresh' and revitalise the city providing much needed impetus in the 20th century. The economy of the scity reflects this, with continued GDP and GNI growth, with susequent improvements in standard of living. The new Queen Elizabeth Hospital has provided a state-of-the-art health facility in the city attractin gmay talented medical proffessionals. Schools remaini below the UK average, with many inner-city schools struggling for investment and classed as requiring improvement by Ofsted, this trend is also seen in other inner city areas across the UK.
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Impacts on demographic due to structural economic change on people and place
Initial decline:
Birmingham's population peaked before WW2 and has since reduced by around 100,000. since WW2 there has been mass immigration, so a reduced overall population is indicative of a lack of (perceived) opportunity in the city in th epost-industrial period. Immigration to Birmingham has, in a sense, been spurred on by teh city's post-industrial struggle. The city is home to many low-skilled service sector jobs which have proved attractive to immigrants - a positive for cultural diversity and exchange.
Subsequent regeneration:
Socio-economic improvements in the area in recent years, especially spurred on by a better built environment and environmental quality combined with new jobs and flagship developments, have attracted younger workers to the city and ensured that university graduates and more likely to remain in the city after graduation. this has shifted the age profile of the city downwards, despite an overall ageing population in the UK.
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Environmental impacts on people and place in Birmingham
Initial decline:
Decline in manufacturing has had a positive environmental effect, with air quality improving and the canals being cleared. Gentrification of former industrial areas has led to improved perceptions of place and feelings of pride within the city. Similarly, dilapidated terraced houses previously occupied by factory workers have been cleared in some parts of the city, replaced by new apartments and flats - a pysical upgrade in the environmental terms.
Subsequent regeneration:
Many programmes have contributed to projects which have helped improve the built environment of Birmingham - such as improving insulation in run-down social housing. The city council has spent a lot of money upgrading the physical envrionment of the city centre through pedestrianising and landscaping. This makes the city a nicer place to be, also improving people's feelings about the city and creates positive perceptions, attracting people and businesses to the area and thus enriching city form the social, economic and cultural points of view. The Big City Plan has reinforced this through its prioritisation of green spaces, and the industrial heritage of the city is now being used to spearhead environmental and cultural renaissance, with the canals being used as focla points of environmental improvement and general gentrification, all of these improvements have led to better quality of life for people - both in terms of physical lan emotional wellbeing, thus improving health.
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Impacts of structural economic change on cultural
Initial decline:
Immigration has, in a sense, been spurred on by the city's post-industrial struggle. The city is home to many low-skilled service sector jobs which have proved attractive to immigrants - a positive for cultural diversity and exchange.
Subsequent regeneration:
Much of the regeneration and investment that has gone into Birmingham in the last 30 years has had hugely positive cultural effect. The airport and world-famous conference/entertainment centres have all attracted people to come to Birmingham from elsewhere in the UK, Europe and further afield. This cultural exchange has enriched the city. An array of local, national and global talent now seeks out Birmingham as a major hub to rival London and Manchester, further improving the city's cultural offer. This has all had a huge impact on Birmingham itself, both culturally and economically, but also for the city's inhabitants, who feel a sense of pride and cutural enrichment. The New Deal for Communities has brought high-speed broadband to all parts of the city, raising ICT access and literacy and enabling the people of Birmingham to feel connected to the outside world and informed. For the first time, the city's cultural heritage is being celebrated and used tobring money to the region, not least through promotion of the Jewellery Quarter as a tourist. Celebrating the industrial past of the city is important for the people of Birmingham, who still have a strong sense of connection and nostalgia for the secondary sector industry.
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What is 'placemaking'?
The ways that a place is made/produced/given its characteristics
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What range of people are involved in producing a place?
Government and other organisations
Planners and architects
Community groups
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How is the government and other organisations involved in producing a place?
They bring together a range of stakeholders to understand how a place can be changed to suit all needs. Funding - providing pots of money for regeneration/rebranding and other schemes to attract certain types. Different scales of place making - consitiuencies represented at a national scale by local MP; countries represented at international scal by PM - sticking up for your place, making people aware of your place. Provision of money to make the place 'work well'. Other organisations might be charities, NGOs, groups that administer funds. Provision of planning permission in order for projects to be undertaken - controlling what projects go ahead - may deny place making from happening (green belts and listed buildings). Using data (census and multiple deprivation and plan schemes based upon the data collected). Attracting foreign direct investment - but is this always good making if it negatively affects local businesses. Cuts may have to be imposed which could negatively affect a place (negative place making).
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How are community groups involved in producing a place?
Take action though petitions, protests, posting. Online/digital communities - the power of social media - a powerful medium for promotion or degradation of place.
Environmental campaigners, youth groups, churches/religious groups, residents associations. ----They have the least say in the eventual decision, even though they oftenaffected most strongly. Actions withing groups help form the identity of a place. Provision of popular support (or not) for placemaking schemes. The power of numbers - putting pressure on perceived negative placemaking. lack of community groups = lack of cohesion (common in dormitory settlements and large cities). Represent viewss of a community as a whole.
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How are planners and architects involved in producing a place?
Design, planning and building of places and spaces within an area. Trying to make places and spaces aestetically pleasing. Trying to make places and spaces function efficiently. Negative placemaking (high rise council flats, narrow alleyways). Impressions created a place through landmark buildings. The design of buildings, parks and squares can affect how people feel about an area - does the physical fabric of a place reflect its history/heritage, does it encourage mixed community use?
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At a national and local scale, what does the government do in placemaking?
At a national scale they attempt to attract inward investment and regeneration (foreign direct investment). At a local scale, they work with councils to regenerate areas.
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What is the role pf architects and planners in the placemaking process?
Design of buildings - reflects history/culture of a place; influences how lives are lived.
Poor planning - can have a negative effect.
Urban design - town planners.
Local authorities in the UK maintain their own planning departments, they develop a Local Plan which includes elements of placemaking such as industrial and housing developments, transport and amenities.
The Royal Town Planning Institute guides all proffesional planners working in local authorities, architect firms and property consultancies.
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The role of architects and planners in the placemaking process in Curitiba, Brazil
Curitiba, Brazil - the making of a sustainable urban place:
'Master plan' adopted in 1968 to control urban sprawl through careful urban design. Creation of an urban area that works for all stakeholders (rich, poor, environment, historic heritage). 28 riverside parks and 100 miles of city trails. Lakes with surrounding parkland that is allowed to flood during heavy rain. Provision of 50,000 homes for the urban poor.
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The role of architects and planners in the placemaking process in Brasilia, Brazil
Brasilia, Brazil - Planned and developed between 1956 and 1960, to become the capital in 1960. The project of Oscar Niemeyer and Lucio Costa (both architects and urban planners). Shaped like an aeroplane from above with different functions in different areas. On the wings are the residential areas, made up of many identical 'blocks' each containing identical 'superblocks', of which, each 'superblock' contains the same facilities.
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Ideals of 'making' the '24-hour city'
Planners keen to 'open up' cities theoughout the night to attract people and drive economic activity. Gyms, hairdressers, fast food outlets, bars, public transport (London's night tube and buses), supermarkets, art exhibitions and museums staying open late. This idea is driven also by international tourism and the rise of shift work. It is changing perceptions of place (safe at night rather than quiet and threatening). It is also a key element of placemaking - giving places new 24-hour identities
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Local community groups involved in the placemaking process
Local community, local action groups, campaigners, councillors, residents' associations
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The role of residents' associations in the placemaking process
Tend to be concerned with housing, community and environmental matters, such as; speed of traffic through a neighbourhood, on-road parking, footpath maintenance, etc
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Which places have the most identifiable local community groups?
Places with distinctive character and/or facing some kind of threat, for example, heritage associations are often active in placemaking when a place's 'survival' is based on the maintenance of past characteristics, (architecture)
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What scale do some NGO's work at in the role of placemaking?
Some groups are often NGOs and vary in scale from local groups foucused on a particular building to the national scale
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What has digital placemaking been facilitated by?
The rise of social media, which is good for encouraging public participation/collaboration (surveys, polls, forums, groups)
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What is the 'power of 10' in the placemaking process?
Places thrive if there are 10+ reasons to be out and about in the place, social media allows everybody's 10+ reasons to be collated, and this is then contributed to the mapping and design of a place that serves the needs of the community.
For example, in Baltimore, USA, the creation of new open spaces in the city's central area was driven by an online crowdsourcing application which allowed local people to identify open spaces in their city that mattered most to them.
Crowdsourcing is the gathering of data and views through an online forum
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What is rebranding?
Developing a place to improve negative perceptions of it, making it more attractive to investment
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What is regeneration?
Investing capital and ideas into a place to revitalise and renew its socio-economic and environmental status
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What is reimaging?
Using cultural, artistic or sporting elements to improve the image or reputation of a place, often aiming to improve the image/reutation of an urban area by fiving it a new identity
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What three key elements does rebranding involve?
Brand artefact, brand essence and brandscape
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What is brand artefact?
The physical environment:
create a new environment
reuse the existing environment
remove the old environment
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What is brand essence?
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People's experiance of the brand:
living in the city
working in the city
visiting the city
talking about the city
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What is the brandscape?
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Comparison with competitor cities:
local
regional
national
international
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What are the strategies for rebranding a place?
Market-led, top-down, flagship development, legacy and events or themes
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Who is involved in a market-led strategy?
A strategy often led by private investors who want to make a profit (property developers, business owners, builders) (parts of the Ravel District in Barcelona)
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Who is involved in a top-down strategy?
Large-scale organisations (local authroities, planners, and private investors)(Salford Quays, Manchester)
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What is a flagship development?
A large-scale, one-off property project with distinctive architecture, used as a catalyst for further investment and regeneration (Millenium Stadium)
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What is a legacy strategy?
Aims to build on the success of major events, usually sporting, (Stratford area after 2012 Olympics)
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What do events or themes do to help rebranding?
Used as a catalyst for investment and transformation of an area (Liverpool European Capital of Culture 2008)
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How many strategies are usually involved in rebranding?
Usually a combination for any one rebranding
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What is a place's 'brand' and how is it formed?
A brand is the popular image a place has aquired and the image that it is usually recoginsed by. It includes objective elements such as its location but also subjective elements such as atmosphere or safety. The image depends on how people perceive a place, numerous images come together to form a collective view in a particular place.
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Why might rebranding need to take place?
If a place has aquired a negative image (old-fashioned, run-down, polluted, unsafe) it may need to be rebranded, and marketed to give it a new identity in the eyes of its residents, potential investors and visitors, it may not be attracting sufficient investment through its current brand and in today's increasingly globalised world, places are competing not just regionally but also nationally and internationally for investment.
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Which areas of the UK were subject to rebranding in the 1960s and 70s?
Preipheral regions such as South Wales and Merseyside, this was done becuase the UK wanted to rebalance the country's spatial economy by relocating public and private sector employment from London to peripheral regions.
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Why is rebranding a complex process?
Urban and rural areas tend to posess many identities, therefore when rebrading it can be difficult to decide which elements of a place to promote
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Who is involved in rebranding?
Government (various scales, tourist boards, funded organistations, pension funds, development companies), corporate bodies (banks, insurance companies), help to fund rebranding and carry out actual physical developments, local community groups, planners and architects, environmental campaigners, arts bodies, not-for-profit organisations
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Elements often used in rebranding strategy
Architecture: can be used to reinforce a particular heritage look or promote a place as modern and forward thinking, not just about the look of a place but also how people use a place.
Heritage use: using the history and heritage to rebrand based on culture.
Retail: rebranding can be aided by retail developments.
Art: through galleries and art events to promote culture.
Sport: major international sporting events can be a catalys for rebranding.
Food: some places have developed a reputation of high-quality food to help in their rebranding.
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Background to Barcelona
Capital of Catalonia, a Spanish region
Second biggest city in Spain with a population of 1.6 million
Principal commecial and industrial centre (25% of Spain's exports)
Major Mediterranean port
Major industries are tourism, textiles, machinery, finance and publishing
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Why rebrand Barcelona?
Barcelona suffered greatly during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) when Franco's Nationalist regime took control of Spain
Barcelona was a major centre of Republican opposition
During the Franco years (1939-75) Catalan culture was suppressed, the city's architecture was not well maintained and Barcelona lost its vibrant spirit
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How has Bacelona rebranded itself?
Through sport - 1992 Olympics using this major event to attract investment and build a lasting legacy
Through culture - Universal Forum of Cultures (2004) an event which takes place every 3 years in various cities, organised by Barcelona's local council, Spanish government and UNESCO to promote the city's cultural scene. La Rambla and Gaudi's famous architecture recognised as World Heritage Sites
Through business - 'Strategic Metropolitan Plan of Barcelona - Vision 2020' - aim to position Barcelona as an attractive and influencial city for innovative global talent and business growth
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What does rebranding seek to achieve?
Usually, the purpose of rebranding is economic, social or environmental, and is often a combination, once the purpose of rebranding was, we are better positioned to asses the success of the rebranding.
e.g. create jobs in the region, attract visitors, involve local people (allow people to feel proud of their place), create new houses in the area, physically upgrade the area, give people things to do in an area, change how a place is perceived
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Factors contributing to a ‘successful rebranding’
Environmental, social and economic
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How can rebranding be assessed?
Quantatively - expressing success numerically, data that can be statistically analysed, data that can be represented visually.
Qualitatively - non-numerical data, collecting information from interviews, websites, photographs, newspapers, brochures, TV, films, paintings, books, music and cartoons
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What methods can be used to assess the success of rebranding?
Photographs - before and after (temporal change)
Changes in design of buildings and public spaces
How have the demographics of the area changed (age and sex structure)
How have the levels of crime changes? What about employment data? or housing?
Changing perceptions - residents and/or visitors (do certain groups feels excluded?)
Change in catchment areas/spheres of influence for the place itself and for services within
Retail change - number and type of shops
Changes in occupations of residents (are some residents mismatched to the changing economic structure)
Maps evidence
