Changing Urban Environment Flashcards
0
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
The increase in the percentage of people living in towns and cities.
1
Q
What is the difference between urban and rural areas?
A
• The population is higher in urban areas than rural areas. • There is a larger variety of functions in urban settlements. • The land uses are different.
2
Q
What are the functions in urban areas?
A
Industry, ports, tourist resorts
3
Q
What are the functions in a rural area?
A
Farming, mining
4
Q
What are the land uses in an urban area?
A
Factories, shops and offices
5
Q
What are the land uses in a rural area?
A
Pasture, moorland and marsh
6
Q
What is a function of a settlement?
A
The settlement’s purpose
7
Q
What is land use?
A
The way a land surface is used.
8
Q
When did urbanisation happen in the developed world?
A
Early 1800’s, early 19th century, same time as the industrial revolution and agricultural revolution.
9
Q
Why did urbanisation occur?
A
The agricultural revolution acted as a push factor in the rural areas as new farm machinery was introduced and therefore less labourers were needed. The industrial revolution acted as a pull factor as the factories, mines and shipyards needed workers therefore people migrated to work there (urbanisation)
10
Q
What is counter urbanisation?
A
A decrease in the percentage of people living in towns and city due to urban to rural migration.
11
Q
What are the push and pull factors in counter urbanisation?
A
Push factors: • Air population - fumes from factories • Dense population - little space • Lack of physical features - too many buildings • Noisy - too many cars and people Pull factors: • Beautiful scenery - calming • Bigger plots of land for same cost • Community spirit - help each other
12
Q
Who is moving to the countryside and why?
A
Retired/ about to retire workers - they no longer nee a job so move away Rich professionals - to avoid being mugged, easier travel due to less traffic , can afford to get transport each day Family with young children - avoid pollution which can cause health risk, may want larger houses need more room, more freedom
13
Q
When did urbanisation happen in developing countries?
A
Since 1950’s
14
Q
Why did urbanisation occur in developing countries?
A
Rural to urban migration Rapid natural increase, birth rate higher than death rate
15
Q
Why do people move from rural areas to urban areas in developing countries? What are the push and pull factors?
A
Push factors: • Poverty - low wages as they work only in agriculture • Lack of services - farmland is overused for crops. Droughts may be often causing insufficient water and food supply. • Remoteness - many people aren’t able to afford for transport • Old and traditional ways of life - no new improvements (technology) Pull factors: • More variety of jobs - better paid and a better chance to get a job • reliable food and water supplies • Lots of functions - education and hospitals • Safe roads and paths to walk at short distances from convenience goods • New improvements - better place to live in
17
Q
What are the advantages of urbanisation in LEDC’s?
A
Advantages: Economy: • Big cities attract investments from TNC’s so more jobs • Opportunities for farmers to sell goods to city dwellers • Variety of jobs with regular paid work • More wealthy people so opportunities to work in informal sector (shoeshine and rickshaw) Social: • Schools and hospitals can be built to serve the population. • Chance of improvement for next generation
18
Q
What is the urban model?
A
A simplification of reality
19
Q
What is urban zone?
A
A part of a town or city with predominant or dominant land use.
20
Q
Give some examples of land uses in the urban zone?
A
Residential - where people live and work less Industrial - land use for factories Transport - land use for ports, railways and road junctions Open space - land used for parks, playgrounds or derelict/ unused lands
21
Q
What are each of the parts of the Burgess’ Concentric Circle Model? Give a diagram.
A
From inside to outside: Central Business District (CBD) Transition Zone Old inner city (low class residential) Inter war areas (medium class residential) Modern Suburbia (high class residential)
22
Q
What happens to buildings as you move towards the rural-urban fringe?
A
Building are more recent and have wealthy occupants.
23
Q
What does PLVI stand for and what does it mean?
A
Peak land value intercept The highest value of land
24
Q
How does the distance from the CBD effect the competition and land values?
A
As the distance increases there is less competition and therefore land values fall.
25
Explain the factors affecting the location and distribution of each land use?
All land uses will like to be at the centre of the town as it's the most accessible. There is competition due to the limited supply so the price rises very high. Only shops and offices could afford this. Land a little further away from the PLVI isn't as useful for shops as not as many customers will pass. Industry is willing to pay the most for this land. This is known as the transition zone. Rest of the area is used for residential purposes as very little customers pass it and not many people want it.
26
What is distance decay?
The decrease in the cost of land as you move further away from the PLVI
27
What are the characteristics of a CBD?
• Located in the centre of the urban area • Has tall buildings • Has large chain stores, offices and department stores • Has a wide variety of goods on sale (convenience and comparison) • Has high land values, rents and rates (therefore buildings are tall and built close together) • Main place of work which leads to traffic congestion • Most accessible place with route centres and has main railway stations.
28
What are the 4 parts of the CBD?
Core, frame, zone of decay and zone of improvement
29
What are the characteristics of the core?
It consists of the large department sites, chain stores and offices owned by big companies. It is the busiest part and has the most competition from other shopping centres and business parks.
30
What are the characteristics of the frame?
It consists of smaller, more specialist shops with some struggling due to high land values and rates.
31
What is zone of decay?
Areas of decline
32
What is zone of improvement?
Areas of development/redevelopment.
33
What are the disadvantages of urbanisation in LEDC's?
Disadvantages: Economy: • Huge difference between healthier and poorest people - crime, protests/riots • Young and motivated move to urban areas so rural areas will not develop Social: • Overcrowding and lack of housing Environment: • Air, noise, water and visual pollution • As city grows bigger, it destroys habitats
34
What are the changes in the CBD and why did they happen?
• Closure of specialist food shops eg. butchers- replaced by restaurants, coffee shops, banks and building societies Supermarkets are built on rural urban fringe with space for large car parks and easy access • Large comparison goods eg. furniture have been closed down and turned into gyms Cheap land, more space to show lots of stock on one floor • Pedestrianisation in the core and made into attractive environment with landscaping eg. buns, benches, lighting, trees No traffic congestion less at and noise pollution less health risks as less accidents and pollution • Closure of independent stores now replaced by chain stores and covered malls Land is too expensive. Covered malls are disable friendly eg. lifts and good for bad weather, helps security, safer less distance for families
35
Who could the recent changes have effected? How?
A delivery man driver - roads pedestrianised so not allowed to part near shops so have to carry heavy goods by walking, may do several trips. Sometimes allocated space but in early morning so have to work early mornings and late nights. The head of a small family - lose shop which use for family earning. Expensive land so can't afford so close down, financial difficulties. An elderly shopper - roads pedestrianised so less health risk. Malls are disable friendly. Shops attract young adults so have to travel further distances in order to find something they want. An assistant in a shopping mall - wider variety of shops to find jobs A teenager - safe to travel around due to pedestrianised roads and shops aim at them so variety of things to buy.
36
Why do people prefer internet shopping and what effect can it have in the future?
As it's cheaper and more convenient as they don't have to travel. Shops on the high street will close down as not many people will come so these will become showrooms and click and collect will be more popular.
37
What are the characteristics of the inner city?
• Located next to the historical core • It is an area of old housing and industry which is badly treated • Crowded, old, terraced houses - ones which are 3-4 storeys high and include attics and basements are rented out as flats which are badly maintained • Old and abandoned factories and warehouses • Areas of derelict land around railway sidings, unused docks and canals • High-rise flats • Small areas of smart, new developments
38
What is the difference between the inner city and other urban zones?
Its run-down appearance
39
What were the three main types of land use?
Industrial, residential and transport
40
What were living conditions like?
Extremely poor due to high density population and tightly packed houses. Many did not have indoor toilets, bathrooms, running water. May had a small yard. Some may have been back to back.
41
What were road patterns in the inner city like? Give a diagram.
Grid-iron patterns.
42
What are the characteristics of inner suburbs?
• Predominantly residential • Along sides of main roads are semi detached houses (inter-war) and shopping parades - small chain stores, specialist shops, pharmacy, non essential services eg hairdressers • Behind main roads are modern semi detached • Areas of open space and gardens - parks may not have play grounds
43
What are the characteristics of a semi detached house?
Tree lined pavements Individual gardens Larger open space Front and back gardens Usually a garage Bay windows Front gate/ fence
44
What are road shapes like in inner suburbs? Give a diagram.
Crescent
45
What are the characteristics of outer suburbs?
• Some are private estates, others are local - authority built • Open spaces and gardens • Most expensive housing • Tree lined • Traffic free • Quiet • Nearest to rural urban fringe
46
What are the characteristics of a detached house?
Car parks Large Double garage Spacious gardens Modern amenities - central heating and double glazing Deluxe bathrooms and kitchens
47
What is the road pattern in outer suburbs? Give a diagram.
Cul-de-sacs (dead ends)
48
Why do people prefer the rural urban fringe?
Cheaper to build Less traffic congestion Quiet and peaceful environment Easier access Better infrastructures Lots of open space
49
What is built on the rural urban fringe?
Houses Business parks Hotels Motorways Landfill sites
50
Describe the LEDC urban model. Give a diagram.
From inside to outside: CBD Cheap and medium price old housing as wedges Modern factories coming out of top wedge Expensive building coming out of bottom wedge Rest squatter settlements
51
What are the similarities and differences between the LEDC and MEDC urban models?
Similarities: Both have a CBD Generally circular pattern with newer developments on outskirts Land use zones are obvious with similar names Differences: Industry and expensive housing create wedges following river, railway or main road Housing quality decreases as you move away from CBD (LEDC) Largest zone is poorest housing (LEDC)
52
What are the causes of traffic?
Majority of people own cars causing increase in number of cars on streets A reduction in use of public transport as it's more cheaper owning a car. More delivery lorries due to Internet shopping. Increase in people going to city centre for shopping, entertainment and work (counter urbanisation)
53
What are the environmental effects of traffic?
Air pollution from vehicle exhausts. Carbon dioxide from fumes contribute towards greenhouse effect causing global warming. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide contribute towards acid rain, can corrode important buildings and monuments. Loss of land for road widening and car parts so deforestation causes a loss of habitats
54
What are the economic effects of traffic?
Petrol wasted - comes from non renewable resource fossil fuels. Cars use more petrol when they stay. Petrol prises will rise when there's only a little. Delivery van drivers - spend time so fewer parcels delivered and therefore work overtime and employers pay more. Cost of maintaining and building roads and buildings - vibrations from cars cause damage so need to pay for repairs Loss of properties - as buildings knocked down need to pay owners
55
What are the social effects of traffic?
Loss of property - house owners have to migrate therefore stress Noise pollution - cause vibrations can deprive owners from sleep effecting health
56
How can urban traffic problems be reduced?
Park and ride schemes Supertrams
57
Give a description of a park and ride scheme?
Large open car park at rural urban fringe which is free. Direct non stop regular bus to the core (some are at cheaper rates and some use bus lanes so faster access)
58
What are the advantages of park and ride schemes?
Less exhausts from fumes so reduced air and noise pollution Less traffic cones toon Less fuels used from non renewable sources so cost is cheaper
59
What are the disadvantages of park and ride schemes?
Does not serve people in inner cities or inner suburbs No choice of destinations Inconvenient for people carrying bulky shopping
60
Give a description of supertrams?
Operates on converted railway lines and newly constructed routes in core Regular (every 6 minutes in week days) Can carry over 200 passengers
61
What are advantages of supertrams?
Noise and air pollution is reduced as less exhausts in fumes from less cars Specifically designed for disabled, semi disabled, elders and pushchair users so disable friendly Less traffic congestion due to less cars
62
What are the disadvantages of supertrams?
Can hold back rest of the cars more frequently due to narrow interval timings causing more road accidents Causes visual pollution due to pylons and overhead power cables Expensive to build
63
Give an example of a supertram?
Manchester
64
Give an example of a park ad ride scheme?
Gadbridge Hemel Hempstead
65
Give examples of what's in the core and frame?
Core: Department stores Banks High rise blocks Frame: Theatres and cinemas Bus and coach station University
66
What is the solution to inner city problems?
Urban regeneration: • Provide jobs - encourage factories to move into the area which require basic skills • Attract shops particularly supermarkets and other services such as schools • Stop counter urbanisation
67
What three things can be done for urban regeneration?
• Urban redevelopment - knock/ demolish buildings and build new • Urban renewal - do not demolish but improve housing and renovate them • Gentrification - attracting wealthy people to live in a poorer area eg. Need gates for safer parking
68
What is meant by the term **urban deprivation**?
Deprived areas of the city
69
What are the environmental problems in inner cities?
* Slum housing - poorly built, badly maintained terraced housing/tower blocks
* Lack of open space - majority is waste and derelict land
* Air pollution - emissions from factories and transport
70
What are the economic problems in inner cities?
* Closed factories - high employment, low quality of life
* High cost of land compared to suburbs - hard to afford
* Low income - poverty, more crime, vandalism, drugs
71
What are the social problems in inner cities?
* Low educational performance
* Low quality housing so lack of basic amenities and household possessions
* High percentage of immigrants resulting in racial tension
* Ageing population causes increasing health problems and pressure on social services
* Increasing number of single parents
* Violence, street crime, vandalism and graffiti can lead to lving in fear
* Majority are less well-off pensioners, singe parent families, ethnic minorities and students therefore less development and motivation to make the inner city a better place to live in
* Difficult police-community relations - more crimes which are hard to handle
72
What is the urban poverty cycle?
**Problems:** bunking off work/school, vandalism, physical and mental problems - depression **----------\>** **Poor Housing:** derelict, overcrowded, boarded up homes, no repairs done **----------\> Poor Educational Facilities:** low educational standards in understaffed slum schools **----------\> Lack of Skills:** jobs are scarce, employers less interested **----------\> Poverty:** lower than average income and depend on benefits **----------\>**
73
What is meant by the term **housing segregation**?
Separation due to wealth
74
What causes housing segregation?
* Workers who are able to afford to move out of inner cities migrated to urban areas (counter urbanisation)
* House prices in inner cities are lower therefore are known as poor housing areas
75
What is meant by the term **ethnic segregation**?
When an area becomes dominated by a particular ethnic group.
76
What causes ethnic segregation?
* Among the less well-off people are other ethnic groups usually immigrants with a lack of qualifications and poor English therefore hard to find a job which is well-paid.
* When more and more ethnic groups move in, the cultures of the area begins to change therefore the long-established residents move out creating ethnic segregation eg. Newham, East London
77
What is meant by the term **multicultural mix**?
a number of immigrants choose to live with people of same ethnic group away from others - segregation
78
Why does multicultural mix occur?
* Support from others - feel safe and secure - protection from racial abuse - get a stronger voice as they're in a group
* A familiar culture - similar ideas and beliefs - feel comfortable with same language
* Specialist facilities - worship places, food shops provided eg. mosques for muslims
* Enployment factors - low paid jobs or high rate of unemployment - limited money - can't afford - only cheaper housing which is found in the inner city
79
What are the solutions for multicutural mix?
* Increasing children's achievement - opportunities to improve English as a second language, improving other educational improvements in general - school.
* Increasing employment - jobs which allow basic skills provided, taking initiatives to access to information and training
* Increasing community involvement - ensuring needs of minority groups is understood
* Providing facilities which encourage meetings with every member of a community together.
80
81
What are the zones in Sao Paulo?
CBD
Peripheria
Favela
82
Name a few characteristics found in an LEDC CBD (Sao Paulo)
* Skyscrapers
* Luxury flats
* Fairly well-off families
83
Give a few characteristics of a Peripheria.
* Brick built - good building material
* Working class district - children work in informal sector
* Furnitiure, TV, bathroom
84
Give the characteristics of a Favela
* Shant housing
* No water supply
* Illegal and huge population
85
What solutions have been made to improve the Favelas?
**Built terraces of small concrete houses**
* Properly planned - electricity, water
* Outdoor sink
* Flush toilet - proper drainage
**Residents**
* Painted
* Used better leftover materials
* Wallpaper
**Houses made of breeze-blocks - cheaper and easily accessible**
86
What is the favela in Rio de Janeiro called?
Roçinha
87
What are the characteristics of Roçinha?
* Atlantic on the east
* Mountains on west
* Self-built
* **Really steep therefore no roads**
88
What are the living conditions in Roçinha?
* Houses are not properly built
* Dangerous, fear of living, crime
* Overcrowded
89
What are the solutions for problems in Roçinha?
* Bricks used for shacks
* More storeys - more space
* Basic necessaties eg. school
* Electricity
* Locals organised rubbish collectors
* DIY to improve homes
* Sharing skills - community spirit
* Community police
* Informal sector jobs
90
What is the well-off part of Roçinha called?
Barra
91
What are the characteristics of Barra?
* Along motorways
* Safe
* Modern amenities
* Less polluted
92
What do the terms **squatter, spontaneous settlements, shanty towns** mean?
Areas with **illegal** housing which are **self-built** made from anything that can be found.
eg. Favela, Brazil
93
What does the term **informal sector** mean?
Jobs created by people to try and earn a bit of money. eg. shoe shining, taking in washing, mending bicycles, waste collectors, human carriers, domestic sellers
94
What causes squatter settlements?
* **Overpopulation** - not enough homes for the huge numbers of rural to urban migrants to rent.
* **Lack of income** - not enough money to rent a decent home.
95
Which locations are squatter settlements usually built on?
* Steep slopes
* Factories
* Landfill sites
* Flood pains
* Pavements in CBD (back streets)
96
Why would people choose to build squatters in these locations?
**Steep slopes:**
* No one built there - too difficult.
* Better chance of gaining a job.
**Factories**
* Better chance of gaining a job.
* Not used due to pollution.
**Landfill Sites:**
* Use materials in rubbish to find things to sell.
* No one will knock shacks down
**Flood pains:**
* High flood risk - no one else built there.
* Access to water supply.
**Pavement in CBD:**
* Better chance of local jobs (informal sector)
97
Why are there many problems in LEDCs?
* Lack of money
* Increasing rate of rural to urban migration
98
Why has Rio de Janeiro got a problem with its site?
It's built on a steep slope therefore no roads can be built so no rubbish collection. The location is restricted as there are mountains on one side and the Atlantic Ocean on the other.
99
Give four problems in LEDC cities in general?
* Industrial pollution
* E-waste
* Sewage
* Traffic congestion
100
How does industrial pollution cause a pollution?
TNCs (transnational cooperations) are attracted to LEDCs to build factories. It provides jobs for local people but regulations to protect the environment and people are usually not met. On a day-to-day basis industrial waste is dumped in the rivers. Toxic chemicals leak onto the land. Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution.
101
Major disasters are caused by poor maintenance and lack of investment. Give a case study.
Union Carbide Fertiliser Factory, Bhopal, India
* Poor maintenance of machinery by American company
* Heavy clouds of toxic gases killed thousands immediately.
* Water buffalo cattle died (immediate)
* Still suffering as water supply was contaminated so even children are now physically and mentally handicapped (30 years on)
* No new companies want to come to Bhopal so fewer jobs available for locals.
102
How is e-waste a problem?
Out-dated computers in rich countries are exported to the poor world. Poor people burn the palstic to collect the valuable metals to earn money but releasing dangerous fumes affect their health and the environment.
103
How is sewage a problem?
Human and animal waste is dumped in rivers therefore water gets contaminated as there is no sewage system. This results to water pollution.
104
How is traffic congestion a problem?
Transport add carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, mostly older vehicles burning leaded petrol contributes towards health risk affecting people's brains and the environment - causing acid rain and adding to the greenhouse effect causing global warming. For instance, Mexico City is sited in a mountain basin which traps pollutants. Smog increases the chances of getting bronchitis, tuberculosis and lung cancer and decreases visibility resulting to more accidents.
105
What is the solution to every problem?
Be enforced with laws so that people will listen and do what is encouraged.
106
What has Shanghai, China done to solve these problems?
* **Household waste** - used solid waste disposal unit which was installed in households. The waste was used as a fertiliser for crops. However not all homes have it so problem not completely solved.
* **Traffic congestion** - used low sulphur coal so that fewer amounts of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere so lower chance of acid rain.
* **Water pollution** - a World Bank Loan was granted to introduce water treatment so that water can be hygienic to drink and fish won't get harmed.
107
What are the ways to make urban living in the UK sustainable?
* Conserve the historic environment
* Provide more open spaces and greenery
* Improve public transport systems
* Use brownfield sites for new developments
* Reuse, recycle and reduce waste
* Involve communities in local decision making
108
How can you conserve the historic environment?
* Reconstruct and renovate historical buildings
* Once buildings have been destructed they cannot be reconstructed
* Renew and improve buildings' appearances as tourist attractions.
109
How can you provide more open spaces and greenery?
* When planning allow open spaces and greenery
* Improve the quality of life for urban dwellers
* Add physical features to the sides of waterways and railways
110
How can public transport systems be improved?
* Increasing the amount of vehicles which are eco-friendly
* Connect bus, tram and rail routes and interchanges
* Provide feeder services to housing estates
111
How can you reuse, recycle and reduce waste?
* Reuse and recycle plastic bottles and bags .etc atleast twice
* Try to cut down on the amount of waste eg. car fumes
* Up to 90% of household waste is recyclable so recycle as much as possible.
112
How can brownfield sites be used for new developments?
* Reduce building on greenfield sites to reduce a loss of habitats . etc
* Try to build on empty or derelict space if available eg. old buildings
* Renewal, gentrification and redevelopment improves the appearance of areas.
113
How can you involve communities in local decision-making?
* Improve and develop the growth of community spirit - helping one another
* Always ask people for ideas to improve and nurture the community.
* Consult the local dwellers instead of ordering plans.
114
Why is the demand for housing increasing?
* Demographic change - natural increase (BR higher than death rate)
* increasing number of single adults living alone
* longer life expectancy - able to live independently
* marriage break-up
* Increase in population due to immigration
* Attraction of the countryside (counter-urbanisation)
* Attraction of the south-east (more variety of jobs)
115
When did New Isington MIllenium Village, Manchester turn into a sustainable community?
2003
116
What are greenfield sites?
Areas of the countryside which have not been developed or built on before
117
What are brownfield sites?
Areas of derelict or waste land that have been previously used for development
118
What are the advantages of greenfield sites?
* Cheaper to build on due to no clearing up and bigger plots of land
* Better quality of life as there's less air pollution and lots of open space
* Beautiful scenery and calmer atmosphere
119
What are the disadvantages of greenfield sites?
* Encourages counter-urbanisation therefore derelict land in urban areas will not be improved and will remain the same. As more people move, more schools and convenience stores will need to be built.
* Destruction of agricultural land and habitats
* Encourages traffic congestion as more people need cars to travel to the CBD for work, entertainment and shopping.
120
What are the advantages of brownfield sites?
* Derelict land will be made into areas of improvement, no need for extra space to be use, reduced visual pollution
* Reduces demand for car use as convenience stores, schools .etc. are nearby.
* Can build high-density housing which means more houses for more people, less space need to be used.
121
What are the disadvantages of brownfield sites?
* Expensive to build on as old buildings need to be destroyed first and then built on
* Lots of air and visual pollution which may affect the health of inhabitants
* Already too many people in urban areas so can result to overpopulation
122
What are the characteristics of shacks?
* illegal
* high density
* weak foundations
* made of corrugated iron, wood, sheets
* cramped
* a lot of contamination
* no running water
123
What is health like in favelas?
* no drainage system
* no clean water supply, rubbish collection
* Roçinha - built on steep slope - no emergency service, eg. ambulances
* shared toilets
124
What are jobs like in the Favelas?
* Few jobs available - very little payment - poverty
* informal sector
125
What is education like in the Favelas?
* fee paying schools, some free but have to buy uniforrm and books
* children work rather than getting educated
126
What are the effects of shacks on the Favelas?
* can be knocked down which leaves people homeless
* overcrowding of hosuing which leads to little space to move around and live
* health risk, life expectancy is low, spread of disease,
* not proper building material due to insufficient resiurces therefore less protection from weather
* not stable, no protection and can fall down
127
What is the effect of health on Favelas?
* spread of disease, health risk, contamination - death rate increases eg. cholera
128
What are the effects of jobs on the Favelas?
* financial problems, crime, fear of living
* can earn some money by working in informal sector eg. shoe shining, rubbish collections
129
What are the effects of education on Favelas?
* little money but many can't afford, children gain dull future
* family earns a bit of income but children still don't get a bright future
130
How do **charities** help the residents of the Favelas?
* sponsership schemes - children/teachers - help with wages for teachers and give money for care
* water aid - uncontaminated water - better health - less spread of disease
* help with education - children get better education for a better future
131
How do the residents help themselves in the Favelas? **(self help)**
* getting building materials for as better home
* opening shops to sell things to each other
* organising teams to carry out the rubbish
132
How does the government help the residents of the Favelas?
* government buying site so shanty not knocked
* adding infrastructure (electricity, water pipes .etc)
* better police - community connections - reduce crime
133
What is **site and service**?
where new land is divided into plots and infrastructure is already added before people move in
eg. water, sanitation, electricity, basic track layouts. locals can then build their houses
134
What is **self-help**?
when local authorities help the squatter settlement residents by offering financial help
eg. grants, water installation, improved sanitation, health centres, schools, rubbish collectors, buying land, selling cheap building materials
135
What is in the core of Hemel's CBD?
Monsoons to Boots
* Marlowes - indoor shopping centre
* Recycling bins
* Artwork - rainbow
* Fitness centre - Room 201
136
what is a **local authority scheme**?
where new land is divided into plots, infrastructure is added, houses are built for people to move in
137
Give an example of a sustainable community?
New Islington Millenium Village, Inner city, Manchester
138
Who was involved in the sustainable communities project?
Locals and businesses
parents, teachers, doctors, water providers, rubbish collectors .etc
139
Where did funding come from?
From city businesses and council
140
What are the social avantages of sustainable communities?
* People of the community will not need to rely on resources outside and can be independent so a reasonable standard of living.
* Eg. more schools will mean no shortage in education so would not need to move out of area. Not only poor live, educated live for motivation for improvement.
* Better health care with an improved Ancoats hospital and other health centres mean a decrease in health problems and pressure on social services.
## Footnote
**No differentiation between rich and poor as they get equal rights and facilities**
141
What are the economic advantages of sustainable communities?
* A smaller amount of heat and power needed to generate a huge amount of electricity and thermal energy so more efficient and better economically
* The use of fewer cars can result in the use of oil, a fossil fuel which is an unrenewable energy resource
* Better education means a higher chance in getting well-paid jobs therefore a decrease in unemployment and a better chance in a better quality of living
142
What are the environmental advantages of sustainable communities?
* Jobs and other facilities are at walking distances which means that fewer cars will be used and a better lifestyle as people are exercising. Also this means less air pollution. Fewer cars mean less carbon dioxide which means a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide adding towards the greenhouse effect causing global warming.
* More plants mean more carbon dioxide taken in through photosynthesis
* Less sulphur dioxide which contributes towards acid rain therefore historical buildings can be safe.
* If jobs outside, there's a Metrolink station and bus stations at walking disatnces
* More recycling collection points mean less domestic waste being dumped and damaging habitats
143
What was Curitiba's Master Plan?
**Improving public transport systems**
* Built extensive bus systems which were cheaper than subways
* Colour coded - easier access eg. blue to medical centres
* Alternative fuel reduce global warming
* High speed routes built - archlike manage flow of cars -
* Sistema Trinário - uses a central two-lane street reducing traffic
**Conserving historic environment**
* Preserved historic district - revives area and attracts tourists
**Providing more open space and greenery**
* Expanding green spaces and protecting greenery from future development
**Using brownfield sites for new developments**
* New botanical garden and opera house on abandoned quarry
**Reusing, recycling and reducing waste**
* Cambio Verde program enables poor to exchange metal and glass waste or fresh produce
* Trash museum valuables recovered from trash on display
**Involving communities in locsl decision-making**
* Number of parks for different ethnic groups
* New job training for lower income citizens
* Citizenship Streets - working class have their say in community meeting rooms
144
What is in the frame of Hemel's CBD?
* Public buildings - library, police station - all kin one for easy access
* Shops to let
* Tower blocks
* Residential above shops
* Dentists, opticians
145
How is Curitiba, capital city of the Brazilian state of Parana, a place of sustainable urban living?
Through the Curitiba Master Plan in the 1940s
146
What is in Hemel's Zone of Decay?
Old Market Area
* Run down appearance
* Nail bar
* Charity shops - Oxfam
147
What's in Hemel's Zone of Development?
Riverside
Debenhams to Monsoon
* Modern street furniture
* Modernised buildings - curved shape
* Motel eg. Premier
* Car park on top of shops - easy access from Debenhams
148
What is found on Hemel's rural-urban fringe?
**Jarman Park**
* urban redevelopment - used to be a landfill site
* turned into recreational and leisure area - athletic paths
* come for entertainment - cinema, shops
**Apsley Lock**
* renewal and gentrification - sued to be a canal
* smart looking buildings and modern amenities
* part of canal still there for view
* Premier store - selling lot of wine - business men celebration
**Half Moon Meadow**
* modern developments
* lots of private housing - semi detached and detached - additional features on outside
**Industry**
* near distributive stores eg. M & S, car show rooms
* along M1 junction - easy transport
**Council Houses**
* lots of chimneys and old
* coloured doors usually
* terrace
**Other features**
* Open space - farming
* Hotels - Breakspeare Park
* Park and Ride scheme - Gadebridge on flood plain
* cemetry
149
How do you read off a cumulative line graph?
1. Use a corner of a piece of paper and place it at the year (eg. 1995)
2. Make all the points on the edge of the paper
3. Eg. find the percentage of people living in towns in 1995
4. Move the graph over to the scale and measure the mark, towns over 10,000
5. The answer is roughly around 90%
* Another example: Rural in 1900 = 35%
