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Geography > Changing Urban Environments > Flashcards

Changing Urban Environments Flashcards

0
Q

What are urban environments

A

Built up areas aka cities

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1
Q

Figure from 2008

A

Half of the worlds population lived in towns or cities

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2
Q

What is urbanisation

A

Process of an increase proportion of the population living in cities and towns + Growth of towns and cities at the expense of the countryside

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3
Q

Urbanisation from 1950-2050 more developed regions

A

Very high urban population but rate if growth has slowed down since 1990

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4
Q

Urbanisation from 1950-2050 least/less developed regions

A

Least- risen rapidly since 1970

Less- steeper incline

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5
Q

Least urbanised country

A

Africa

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6
Q

Urbanisation North v South

A

North much more

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7
Q

Iceland figure

A

3/4 of population live in the capitals

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8
Q

LEDC figure

A

40% of population live in cities

33% live in slum conditions

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9
Q

By 2030…

A

60% of worlds people will live in cities

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10
Q

Most rapidly urbanising continent

A

Africa

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11
Q

Urban population daily increase

A

180,000

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12
Q

MEDC figure

A

75% of population live in cities

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13
Q

Millionaire cities

A

Population over 1 million

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14
Q

Mega cities

A

Population over 10 million

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15
Q

Regular cities

A

Population under 1 million

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16
Q

Millionaire cities

A
  1. LA
  2. Mexico City
  3. Buenos Aires
  4. Sao Paulo
  5. New York
  6. Paris
  7. Mumbai
  8. Calcutta
  9. Seoul
  10. Tokyo
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17
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

Above the equator

Most of the worlds largest cities are found to the North of it

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18
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

Below the equator

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19
Q

What is rural to urban migration?

A

Movement of people from the countryside into cities which is the initial reason for urbanisation e.g. England 1850s

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20
Q

Push factors of rural to urban migration

A
  1. Hard to work without machinery
  2. Fewer manual workers needed as wealthy landowners will use machinery
  3. Plots of land get to small for subsistence family as it is passed down generations
  4. Natural hazards destroy crops
  5. Fertilisers and seeds aren’t affordable so low income from the low yield
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21
Q

Pull factors of rural to urban migration

A
  1. Jobs opportunities
  2. Wider resource to better standard of education
  3. Easier to access to healthcare
  4. Better entertainment
  5. Better housing and standard of living
  6. Easier access to food
  7. Higher income
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22
Q

Price of land in cities

A

Closer to the CBD land is much more expensive

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23
Q

Land use in the CBD

A
  1. Often listed buildings to outside is kept but inside is completely renovated
  2. Tall buildings (vertical expansion)
  3. Buildings which aren’t listed are torn down and replaced by modern alternatives
  4. Limited parking to reduce congestion
  5. Large shops and department stores
  6. Narrow, old roads so a lot of congestion
  7. Pedestrianised areas
  8. Few green spaces
  9. Often multipurpose buildings are found
  10. Busy on streets
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24
Q

CBD

A

Central business district

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25
Q

Land use in the inner city

A
  1. No public green spaces
  2. Terraced buildings originally for factory workers which is high density housing
  3. ‘Grid iron road system’
  4. On street parking which narrows roads
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26
Q

Land use in the suburbs

A
  1. Local primary schools
  2. Mostly residential buildings
  3. Newer areas are in these outskirts
  4. Low density housing w/ gardens
  5. More space for money spent
  6. No car parks, on street parking
  7. Open space, lots of vegetation
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27
Q

Housing as an issue of living in urban areas

A
  1. More people living on their own before marriage
  2. Rising divorce rates
  3. More elderly people and don’t live with children
  4. Space is limited but housing is needed
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28
Q

Issues of living in urban areas in MDCs

A
  1. Housing
  2. The inner city
  3. Traffic
  4. CBD
  5. Multicultural mix
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29
Q

Population in future in England

A

52.5 million by 2021

30
Q

UK population rise

A

Increased by 7% since 1971

31
Q

Advantages of building on brownfield sites

A
  1. Recycling land
  2. Planning permission easy to get
  3. Councils want areas used
  4. Derelict before development
  5. Already have utilities (water, electricity, gas, etc)
  6. Roads already there
  7. Entertainment already around
32
Q

Advantages of building on greenfield sites

A
  1. Nothing to get rid of
  2. Cheaper because it will be in outskirts
  3. Roads built where they are wanted
  4. Access to out of town shopping facilities
  5. More pleasant environment
  6. More space for gardens
33
Q

Solutions to housing problem in urban areas

A

Gentrification which is when wealthy people come into the area, purchase houses then personally renovate them and this slowly improves the area

34
Q

Strategies to solve inner city issues in urban areas

A
  1. Redeveloping
  2. City challenge
  3. Sustainable
35
Q

The inner city as an issue of living in urban areas

A
  1. Housing is very poor quality because built basically for factory workers in 1830s-1910s
  2. Government have been slowly redeveloping these areas
36
Q

Traffic as an issue of living in urban areas

A

There is a lot of congestion in areas

37
Q

Solutions to traffic as an issue in urban areas

A
  1. Encourage use of public transport
  2. Encourage cycling (e.g. Boris bikes)
  3. Park and ride system
38
Q

The CBD as an issue of living in urban areas

A

Late 1980s there was a rise in out of town shopping centres so central business district shops were forced to shut down and area becomes unpleasant

39
Q

Solutions to CBD issues in urban areas

A

Renovations of areas were necessary

40
Q

Multicultural mix as an issue of living in urban areas

A
  1. Immigrants choose to live in certain areas
  2. Stigma then attached to these areas and people feel unwelcome
  3. This creates a segregated society
41
Q

Why do immigrants move to the same area

A
  1. Seek safety and security in numbers
  2. No language barrier
  3. Specialist facilities such as shops, places of worship
  4. Areas will often be affordable
42
Q

Squatter settlement

A

Area of city which is built by people on land that they do not own which materials which they have found

43
Q

Informal sector

A

Part of economy where jobs are created by people in desperate need of income

44
Q

Conditions of squatter settlements (6)

A
  1. Unstable buildings, no foundations
  2. No electricity, water
  3. Disease and filth
  4. Poorly paid jobs for inhabitants
  5. No school for children
  6. High crime rate
45
Q

Self help for improving squatter settlements

A

Local authorities help by providing water and sturdy materials
Also help to make schools and health centres
Grant legal ownership of land so there is no danger of eviction

46
Q

Site and service schemes for improving squatter settlements

A

Formal way

Before settlements are made proper foundations are laid and electricity and water is provided

47
Q

India computer statistic

A

Import 4.5 million computers a year

48
Q

Problems of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world

A
  1. Environmental disasters
  2. Electronic waste
  3. Water pollution
  4. Waste and pollution
  5. Waste disposal
  6. Air pollution
49
Q

Electronic waste as a problem of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world

A

When laptops die they become e waste

50
Q

What happens at landfill site in India

A

Poorer people will go through the rubbish in order to salvage any remotely useful or valuable things.
Electronic devices will be burnt/crushed/boiled to get valuable parts out like platinum

51
Q

Problems of what happens at landfill site

A

When these electronic devices are taken apart, it can release toxic substances such as lead or cadmium which causes health issues.
This has been confirmed by Indian doctors who say there are increasing cases of people will high lead levels

52
Q

Water pollution as a problem of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world

A

Caused by a lack of sanitation

Problem because people bathe and wash their belongings in the rivers which have been polluted with human waste

53
Q

Example of water pollution

A

Ganges River- granted $200 million by the World Bank to resolve the issue

54
Q

Shanghai consumption rates (Waste and pollution)

A

70% of China’s carbon emissions come from Shanghai

73% of electricity used in Shanghai is from coal

55
Q

Deaths from Shanghai emissions (Waste and pollution

A

400,000

56
Q

Waste in Shanghai from development (Waste and pollution

A

30,000 tonnes removed every day to accommodate for building work and regular population

57
Q

Solutions for waste and pollution issue

A

Guidelines for safe waste disposal and amount

58
Q

Waste disposal as a problem of rapid of urbanisation in poorer parts of the world

A

Provides a resource to people as children and adults salvage through it to sell things

59
Q

Sao Paulo waste disposal

A

7500 tonnes of waste in 2 incinerators everyday

60
Q

Greenpeace opinion

A

Each company should take responsibility for their adequate disposal of waste as poor areas become areas where toxic waste can be disposed of

61
Q

China coal consumption

A

80% of electricity comes from coal

62
Q

Solutions for air pollution

A
  1. New materials eg low sulphur coal
  2. Carbon tax (India)
  3. Stronger regulations on emissions for transnational corporations
  4. Reducing cars in cities (Mexico City) with congestion charge or improving public transport
63
Q

Londons landfill sites

A

Largest one will be full in 5 years

64
Q

What is a sustainable city

A
  • Decrease impact on global environment
  • Increase quality of urban environment
  • Increase quality of life
65
Q

UK waste production

A

400 million tonnes a year
30 million from households
UK sends more waste to landfill sites than any other country

66
Q

2001/2011 UK waste

A

2011- 40% of household waste was recycled

2001- 11%

67
Q

Solutions for waste disposal in MDCs

A
  1. Reduce plastic bags used

2. No prepackaged goods in supermarkets

68
Q

Incineration

A

This can be used to generate electricity however it produces polluting gases

69
Q

Involvement of the community in a sustainable city

A

If locals are involved they are more likely to help maintain and if they are given a small amount of green space they will care more about the land around it

70
Q

Providing an efficient public transport system in a sustainable city (London)

A
  • Cut private car use with congestion charge
  • Crossrail project
  • 2012, extension to tube lines
  • Oyster card
71
Q

What makes cities unsustainable

A
  1. Fossil fuels (for energy and construction)
  2. Air pollution (cause breathing problems)
  3. Water pollution (causes disease outbreak)
  4. Climate change (damages buildings)
72
Q

Different levels toward making changes

A
  • International (Kyoto Protocol, UN resolution)
  • National (OPEC, government)
  • Local
  • Personal (become more self-reliant for resources)

Geography (6 decks)

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