Chao 2 Genetics, Prenatal, Dev & Birth

Question 0

Genes

Answer 0

The basic unit of genetic info

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

The new cell formed by the process of fertilization

Question 2

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules

Answer 2

The substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body & how it will function

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

Rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs

Question 4

Monozygotic twins

Answer 4

Twins who are genetically identical

Question 5

Dizygotic twins

Answer 5

Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

Question 6

Dominant trait

Answer 6

The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

Question 7

Recessive trait

Answer 7

A trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed

Question 8

Genotype

Answer 8

The underlying combo of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism

Question 9

Phenotype

Answer 9

An observable trait; the trait that is actually seen

Question 10

Homozygous

Answer 10

Inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait

Question 11

Heterozygous

Answer 11

Inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait

Question 12

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 12

Inheritance in which a combo of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

Question 13

X-linked genes

Answer 13

Genes that are considered recessive & located only on the X chromosome

Question 14

Behavioral genetics

Answer 14

The study of the effects of heredity on behavior

Question 15

Down syndrome

Answer 15

A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism

Question 16

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 16

A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation

Question 17

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 17

A blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it

Question 18

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer 18

A disorder that produces blindness & muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment

Question 19

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 19

A disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals; extreme height, & enlarged breasts

Question 20

Genetic counseling

Answer 20

The discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders

Question 21

Ultrasound sonography

Answer 21

A process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the Mom’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size & shape can then be assessed

Question 22

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 22

A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo

Question 23

Amniocentesis

Answer 23

The process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus

Question 24

Temperament

Answer 24

Patterns of arousal & emotionality that represent consistent & enduring characteristics in an individual

Question 25

Multifactorial transmission

Answer 25

The determination of traits by a combo of both genetic & environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed

Question 26

Fertilization

Answer 26

The process by which a sperm & an ovum--the male & female gametes, respectively--join to form a single new cell

Question 27

Germinal stage

Answer 27

The first--and shortest--stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception

Question 28

Placenta

Answer 28

A conduit between the mom & fetus, providing nourishment & oxygen via the umbilical cord

Question 29

Embryonic stage

Answer 29

The period from two to eight weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs & body systems

Question 30

Fetal stage

Answer 30

The stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception & continues until birth

Question 31

Fetus

Answer 31

A developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth

Question 32

Infertility

Answer 32

The inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant

Question 33

Artificial insemination

Answer 33

A process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is placed directly into a women's vagina by a physician

Question 34

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 34

A procedure in which a women's ova are removed from her ovaries, & a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a lab

Question 35

Teratogen

Answer 35

An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect

Question 36

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 36

A disorder caused by the pregnant mom consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation & delayed growth in the child

Question 37

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

Answer 37

A condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the Mom's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Question 38

Episiotomy

Answer 38

An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

Question 39

Preterm infants

Answer 39

Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (aka premature infants)

Question 40

Low-birthweight infants

Answer 40

Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 lbs) at birth

Question 41

Small-for-gestational-age infants

Answer 41

Infants who, bc of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90%(or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age

Question 42

Very-low-birthweight infants

Answer 42

Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 lbs) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks

Question 43

Postmature infants

Answer 43

Infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date

Question 44

Cesarean delivery

Answer 44

A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling thru the birth canal

Question 45

Fetal monitor

Answer 45

A device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor

Question 46

Stillbirth

Answer 46

The delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in less than 1 delivery in 100

Question 47

Infant mortality

Answer 47

Death within the first year of life