chap. 1

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

the study of structure

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

the study of function
(or the processes that cells carry out to survive)

Question 3

Explain the interrelationship between anatomy and physiology

Answer 3

“Form follows function”
The structure of anatomical features determines their function.
It is impossible to study the two subjects separately.

Question 4

What is a living thing?

Answer 4

Living things are defined by
having all characteristics of life

Question 5

What is a non-living thing?

Answer 5

Non-living things are missing at
least one characteristic of life

Question 6

What are the characteristics of life

Answer 6

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Homeostasis, Development (Growth and Differentiation), Reproduction, and Evolution

Question 7

Organization

Answer 7

• typically more complex than non-living structures.
• Functional unit (smallest component with all characteristics of life)- the cell

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

• All the cellular processes and chemical reactions of the body
• Life brings in energy and uses it for cellular functions

Question 9

Responsiveness

Answer 9

ability to sense changes
(stimuli) and react to them

Question 10

Development

Answer 10

Development- changes in organism over time

• Growth- increase in size or number of cells
• Differentiation- change of cells from general to
  specialized

Question 11

Reproduction

Answer 11

produces new cells or new organisms

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

ability to maintain internal stability

Question 13

Order of the Hierarchy of Complexity

Answer 13

• Atoms
• Molecules/Chemicals
• Macromolecules
• Organelles
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organism

Question 13

Evolution

Answer 13

• changes over generations to a population
• Caused by genetic mutations and differential survival/reproduction

Question 14

Atoms

Answer 14

Smallest unit of matter

Question 15

Molecules

Answer 15

At least 2 atoms bonded together
(AKA Compound)

Question 16

Macromolecules

Answer 16

Large molecule

Question 17

Organelles

Answer 17

Components of a cell with
specific structure and function

Question 18

Cells

Answer 18

• functional unit of life
• most basic structure considered alive
• Cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane

Question 19

Tissues

Answer 19

Group of similar cells, their products, and the materials surrounding those cell

Question 20

Organs

Answer 20

two or more tissues functioning together

Question 21

Organ Systems

Answer 21

Multiple organs functioning together

Question 22

Organism

Answer 22

Multiple organ systems functioning together

Question 23

Structure and function are related

Answer 23

• Form follows function
• The structure (size, shape, components) of anatomical features determines their function

Question 24

Energy

Answer 24

ATP is made from nutrients we eat. ATP is broken down to power chemical reactions (Energy powers metabolism)

Question 25

How is energy gained

Answer 25

energy is gained from breaking molecular bonds

Question 26

explain ATP and metabolism

Answer 26

- Energy is gained from breaking molecular - Nutrient bonds broken to make ATP - ATP bonds broken to power other reactions

Question 27

explain Information flow

Answer 27

- stimuli are detected by sensory receptors - sensory receptors send input/afferent signal to a control center - control center decides what to do with the sensory information - Control center sends output/efferent signal - Efferent signal causes an effect in response to the stimulus

Question 28

Gradient

Answer 28

uneven distribution of materials across a location

Question 29

Gradient flow

Answer 29

- materials spontaneously flow from areas of high concentration to low concentration - We say that gradient components “flow down” their gradient - Movement “up” a gradient requires energy

Question 30

Diffusion

Answer 30

Spontaneous movement from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Question 31

Concentration gradient (AKA Molecular gradient)

Answer 31

there’s more of an object at point A than point B

Question 32

Temperature gradient (AKA Thermal gradient)

Answer 32

Difference in temperature between points A&B

Question 33

Pressure gradient

Answer 33

difference in pressure between points A & B

Question 34

Electrical gradient

Answer 34

difference in charge

Question 35

Negative feedback system

Answer 35

oppose change, maintain homeostasis

Question 36

Positive feedback system

Answer 36

- amplify change - oppose homeostasis - self-amplifying - rapid change - bad

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

Question 38

stimulus

Answer 38

anything that affects a variable and moves it away from its set point

Question 39

variable

Answer 39

physiologic component being maintained

Question 40

set point

Answer 40

ideal normal value of a particular variable

Question 41

normal range

Answer 41

values of a particular variable as it fluctuates around the set point

Question 42

receptor

Answer 42

monitors value of variable

Question 43

effector

Answer 43

anatomical structure that can change the value of the variable

Question 44

control center

Answer 44

establishes the set point