chap. 2

Question 1

macromolecule sizes (smallest to biggest)

Answer 1

1) monomer
2) dimer (2 monomers)
3) oligomer (3-10 monomers)
4) polymer (11+ monomers)

Question 2

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 2

• binds a monomer to another macromolecule
• one macromolecule loses an H atom, and the other loses an OH, the two bind together and produce a water molecule as a product

Question 3

hydrolysis

Answer 3

adding water breaks bonds between monomers

Question 4

what are the four types of macromolecules

Answer 4

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 5

functional groups

Answer 5

small groups of atoms that give properties/functions to the macromolecule

Question 6

carboxyl groups make compounds…

Answer 6

make compound weak acids

Question 7

amino groups make compounds…

Answer 7

make compounds weak bases

Question 8

carbohydrates

Answer 8

AKA sugars
- carbon chain with 2 H for every 1 O
- near immediate energy use & short to medium term energy storage

Question 9

carbohydrate sizes

Answer 9

monomers: monosaccharides
dimers: disaccharides
oligomers: oligosaccharides
polymers: polysaccharides

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

AKA fats
- lots of C and H, few O

Question 11

types of lipids and their functions

Answer 11

fatty acids: long term energy storage (monomer name)
phospholipids: form cell membrane
steroids: hormone (signaling membranes)

Question 12

Nucleic Acids

Answer 12

composed of nucleotides
- store genetic informations
- immediate energy use
- includes DNA and RNA

Question 13

ATP

Answer 13

• adenosine triphosphate
• nucleotide
• immediate energy release in cells
• breaking bonds of ATP = energy release
• body uses 88lbs of ATP per day

Question 14

Nucleotide

Answer 14

• monomer of nucleic acids
• made of a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group(s)
  more phosphates = more energy

example: ATP

Question 15

Proteins

Answer 15

AKA polypeptides
- composed of amino acids
functions: structure, cell signaling, movement, protection, catalysis, etc

Question 16

amino acids

Answer 16

monomer of proteins

made of a central carbon, amino group (NH2) which is a weak base, a carboxyl group (COOH) which is a weak acid, and a functional group (R-group) which determines the amino acid’s name and function

Question 17

how are amino acids bound together?

Answer 17

polypeptide chains (aka peptide bonds)

Question 18

how are peptide bonds formed

Answer 18

formed by dehydration synthesis reaction of COOH and NH2 group of respective amino acids

Question 19

primary protein structure

Answer 19

sequence of amino acids, determines all other levels of structure

Question 20

secondary protein structure

Answer 20

partial-folded structures
containing Alpha helices and Beta pleated sheets

caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids

Question 21

tertiary protein structure

Answer 21

• 3D shape
• shape determine the protein function
• caused by interactions between R groups

Question 22

conformation change

Answer 22

a change in protein function
- can be caused by different molecules binding, unbinding
- some proteins only function correctly when they undergo conformational changes regularly

Question 23

denaturation

Answer 23

if a protein unfolds, losing its tertiary structure due to heat or acid exposure, it loses its function

denaturation is permeant

Question 24

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 24

combination of two different polypeptides

caused by interactions between two polypeptides

Question 25

enzymes

Answer 25

- a class of protein - make reactions happen faster - very powerful and have lots of energy - lower activation energy: initial energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur

Question 26

how enzymes work

Answer 26

enzymes have 3D activation sites that binds to a specific substrate when they bind it creates a "enzyme-substrate complex". They are not chemically bonded, just stuck together when the product is created in can not stay attached

Question 27

Cell size

Answer 27

cells are small because they need a high surface area to volume ration the bigger a cell gets the smaller that ratio becomes

Question 28

phospholipids

Answer 28

- forms 79% of the plasm membrane - hydrophilic heads on either side and hydrophobic tails on the inside (makes a bilayer)

Question 29

glycolipids

Answer 29

a subtype of phospholipids but with a carbohydrate attachment

Question 30

hydrophilic head

Answer 30

love water polar made of glycerol and phosphate

Question 31

hydrophobic tail

Answer 31

hates water non-polar made of 2 fatty acids

Question 32

cholesterol

Answer 32

spread out among the phospholipids making up about 19% of the membrane affects membrane fluidity (everything is constantly moving in the membrane) low cholesterol = stiff high cholesterol = fluid

Question 33

plasma membrane proteins

Answer 33

- proteins embedded between phospholipids (making up 2% of the membrane) - there are many types and functions - include glycoproteins

Question 34

glycocalyx

Answer 34

- carbohydrates extending off cell membrane - formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids - provides protection and identification (like a name tag) - if a cell shows up with the wrong glycocalyx, the immune system will get rid of it

Question 35

type of plasma membrane proteins

Answer 35

receptors, channel proteins, and carrier proteins

Question 36

receptor proteins

Answer 36

- binds to ligands - allows cellular communication/signaling - when a ligand binds, leads to the release if many other (secondary) messenger molecules inside the cell, greatly increasing the effect

Question 37

ligands

Answer 37

any chemical used for signaling/communication

Question 38

channel proteins

Answer 38

proteins with a passage allowing smaller molecules in/out of the cell Passive transport two types: leak channels (always open), and gated channels

Question 39

gated channels

Answer 39

can be opened or closed by a stimulus 3 types: ligand gated, voltage gated, and mechanical gated

Question 40

ligand-gated

Answer 40

opened/closed when the bind to a ligand

Question 41

voltage-gated

Answer 41

open/closed when charge across membrane changes

Question 42

mechanical-gated

Answer 42

open/close due to physical forces

Question 43

carrier protein

Answer 43

transport proteins that CARRY smaller molecules across plasma membrane how it works: 1) molecule binds to site within carrier 2) carrier protein changes conformation (its tertiary structure) 3) molecule is released to other side of membrane

Question 44

pumps

Answer 44

carrier proteins that require ATP to move molecules up gradient primary active transport

Question 45

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 45

pumps out 3 Na+ and pumps in 2 K+

Question 46

types of pumps

Answer 46

uniporters: move one type of molecule co-transporter: move two types of molecules - symporters: move 2 molecules same direction - antiporters: move 2 molecules in opposite directions

Question 47

why are cell membranes semipermeable

Answer 47

so cells can maintain homeostasis - permeable to nutrients and wastes - impermeable to proteins and many charged ions

Question 48

types of membrane transport

Answer 48

passive: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis active: primary and secondary active transport

Question 49

simple diffusion

Answer 49

- movement of molecules directly through phospholipids (no proteins needed) - lipids and gasses can pass directly through phospholipid bilayer

Question 50

facilitated diffusion

Answer 50

movement of molecules down their gradient using carrier proteins or channel proteins - ions, polar, water, etc. need to use a protein

Question 52

osmosis tonicity

Answer 52

the ability for a solution to affect the water volume of a cell

Question 52

osmosis

Answer 52

water moves from an area of low solute (high water) concentration to an area of high solute (low water) concentration through aquaporin channel proteins *water wants to go where there is LESS water (high solute)*

Question 53

hypotonic solution

Answer 53

has lower solution concentration than intercellular fluid water enters cell

Question 54

hypertonic solution

Answer 54

has greater solution concentration than intercellular fluid water leaves cell

Question 55

isotonic solution

Answer 55

has equal solute concentration as intercellular fluid no net fluid movement

Question 56

active transport

Answer 56

membrane transport requiring carrier proteins and energy from ATP moves molecules up their gradient

Question 57

primary active transport

Answer 57

movement of molecules using ATP directly

Question 58

secondary active transport

Answer 58

movement of molecules using energy from ATP indirectly done by co-transporters molecule A moves down its concentration gradient, powering the movement of molecule B up its concentration gradient molecule A's concentration gradient is created by a primary active transporter

Question 59

SGLT

Answer 59

- type of secondary active transport - moves sodium and glucose into the cell - sodium moves down concentration gradient, and glucose moves up - sodium has a concentration gradient because the Na-K Pump uses ATP to pump it out of the cell