Chap 1-3 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Who did Clinical Method?
A
Paul Broca
2
Q
Who’s famous for extirpation?
A
Pierre Flourens
3
Q
Who all did electrical stimulation?
A
Fritsch, Hitzig, Penfield
4
Q
Who created phrenology?
A
Franz Gall
5
Q
- First Physiologist
- First to conclude brain as seat of thought
- Also described nerves as canals to brain
- First theory of sleep
A
Alcmaeon
6
Q
- Argued fire, water, air, and earth were compounds rather than elements
- First to explain digestion
A
Anaxagoras
7
Q
- Explained sensations
- First to assign five senses
- Thinking occurred in bloom/heart
A
Empedocles
8
Q
- Founder of medicine
- Naturalistic causes of physical & mental illnesses
- First to classify emotional d/o as natural diseases of brain
- Dreams represent activity of the soul
A
Hippocrates
9
Q
Who did human dissections in Alexandria?
A
Herophilus & Erasistratus
10
Q
What are vivisection?
A
Dissection of living organism
11
Q
- Performed dissections/vivisection
- Recognized the brain as the center for nervous system & seat of intelligence
- Described the circulatory system, digestion, trachea/lung v esophagus/stomach, some parts of brain/functions
- Compared human to animal intelligence
A
Herophilus & Erasistratus
12
Q
•Roman of Greek origin & gladiator physician
•Credited w/ idea that brain was origin of thought & connected to rest of body
•Noticed relationship bt head trauma & psychological problems
•Most complete understanding of nervous/circulatory systems
•Believed in physiological basis for mental d/o
-Four-Humor Theory
•introduced talk therapy
A
Galen (Claudius Galenus)
13
Q
Who all were famous for reflexology?
A
- Charles Bell
- Ivan Sechenov
- Maddimir Bekterev
14
Q
- Two separate nerve pathways (sensory & motor)
* Bells Palsy
A
Charles Bell
15
Q
- Father of Russian Psychology
* All behavior was result of reflexes
A
Ivan Sechenov
16
Q
- known for his investigation of brains control of motor functions
- all behavior can be studied objectively using reflexes
- Established objective psychology
- Discovered role of hippocampus in memory
- Competed w/ Pavlov
- Suspicious death after Dec 23rd, 1927 meeting with Stalin
A
Maddimir Bekterev
17
Q
Who all was known for localization of the brain?
A
- Franz Gall
- Johannesburg Muller
- Pierre Flourens
- Paul Broca
18
Q
- Developed phrenology
* Asserted the existence of 35 mental facilities or traits
A
• Franz Gall
19
Q
- Agreed that certain parts of brain serve different functions
- Contributions towards understanding perception (law of specific energies)
- Different nerves & what they do
A
Johannes Muller
20
Q
- Tested localization of functions of the brain (scientifically using extirpation)
- Determined function by lesions, observed how it affected animal behavior
A
Pierre Flourens
21
Q
• Discovered Broca area in frontal lobe (controls speech production)
A
Paul Broca
22
Q
Who were the founders of Modern Experimental Psychology (Psychophysics)?
A
Weber, Fechner, Helmholtz, Wundt
23
Q
• Main contributions were his scientific techniques
- Just Noticeable Differences
- Two Point Threshold
A
Ernst Weber
24
Q
•Established psychophysics
A
Gustav Fechner
25
What is Psychophysics?
- Measures & Quantify Perceptions
| - Established quantitative/measurable relationships bt environmental stimuli & perceptions
26
* measured rate of nerve conduction
| * Wundt was his student
Hermann von Helmhotlz
27
* Founded 1st experimental lab in 1879 @ University of Leitzig
* Established Psychology as separate; independent science
* Father of Experimental Psychology
Wiheim Wundt
28
First lab was created?
1879
29
Who & when did he start Psychology?
Aristotle 5th Century
30
The ____ of the Ancient Greek population supported the elite ____ of the population.
4/5; 1/5
31
•General belief was that magic and supernatural forces controlled occurrences on earth but he
Emphasized natural explanations and minimized supernatural ones
Thales
32
* Identified human volition as a cause for behavior rather than the Gods
* Reasoning was a function of the soul (located in the brain)
Pythagoras
33
What did Socrates write?
Nothing that we know of. Plato wrote of Socrates work.
34
* Born Wealthy in Athens
* Opened the Academy in 387 BC
* Elaborated the doctrines of psychophysical dualism & teleology
* Rejected natural science
* Ideas came by reason, not observation
Plato
35
What is psychophysical dualism?
Soul (mind) consists of a mortal and immortal part
36
What is teleology?
Idea that the universe was created by a superior being in a rational way
37
Teleology gave way to _______________.
Determinism
38
* Student of Plato, but his first opposition
* The "imaginator of Psychology "
* First to explicitly state the methods we use for research must begin w observation
* "Must study eye in order to understand sight"
Aristotle
39
* Middle Ages
* Given credit for making Christianity a powerful religion
* Focused on human spirituality (minimized reasoning)
* Only thing to know about physical world is God created it
St Augustine
40
Historians mark beginning of Dark Ages by three different times:
1. Death of St Augustine
2. Fall of Roman Empire
3. Emperor Justinian closed Academy in Athens 529
41
Three defining characteristics of the Dark Ages:
1. Greek and Roman books/teachings were lost or destroyed
2. Little or no progress was made in science, philosophy, and literature
3. Christian church became very powerful
42
Dark Ages occurred in Western World but not in the _______________.
Middle East
43
Islam Empire was larger than Roman Empire by ______
700
44
•Most influential philosopher/physician of Islam
Avicenna
45
* Very influenced by Aristotle and integrated Aristotle and Plato with Islamic thoughts
* Used normal medical treatment
* His canon of medicine was used by European University until 1650
* Used psychological treatments (music therapy)
Avicenna
46
Who's delusional pt thought he was a cow so he bound him and called for a butcher?
Avicenna
47
* Challenged the geocentric theory (earth centered) and proposed the heliocentric theory (sun centered)
* Challenged church dogma and purposefully published after death
Nicolaus Copernicus
48
* Most famous for posting his 95 theses on the door of Wittenberg Castle church in 1517 "Disputation on the power and efficacy of Indulgences"
* Translated Bible so all could read and understand
* Questioned Catholic Church which led to Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
49
When was the beginning of scientific revolution?
1620s
50
When and what was the Age of Enlightenment?
* 1700s-1800s
* Questioned religious dogma
* Encouraged scientific method and questioning
51
* Created idea of Dualism
* French
* Study of actions of body which is separate from mind
* Body is physical so it can be studied •Body and mind met at pineal gland
Descartes
52
* Started Materialism
| * All behavior is caused by physical processes in the body (especially the brain)
Thomas Hobbs
53
What is Dualism?
Separated mind and body
| -actions of the body could be studied because they were separate from the mind
54
What is Materialism?
Only study what you can observe
55
Materialism led to ___________
Empiricism
56
Who were the British Empiricists?
Locke, Berkeley, Hume, James Mill, John Stuart Mill
57
What did the British Empiricists stress?
Experience is our source of knowledge
58
* Tabula Rosa
| * Can study the environment and those things that are observable
John Locke
59
What is Tabula Rosa
Born with a blank slate and we gain knowledge from experiences as we grow
60
•Started Positivism
Auguste Comte
61
What is Positivism?
* Ideas that come from Materialism and Empiricism
* Knowledge is the RESULT of studying that which can be objectively observed (only observable facts matter) and any speculative or inferential information should be abandoned
62
* Wrote "Principles of Psychology" in 1873
* Marked the beginning of Italian Psychology
* First Italian lab established in 1885 (Institute of Anthropology at Rome)
Gruseppe Sergh
63
* 1st Female Medical doctor
* Opened Casa del Bambini (House of Children) 1907
* Applied Psychology to education of normal and mentally retarded children
Maria Montessori
64
* Liked Wundt but introspection should be avoided-Should only study what is observable
* Focused on simple physiological causes of behavior (i.e.-Reflexes)
* Less influential in US & Britain bc works not translated into English
Sechenov
65
* Got ideas from Sechenov
| * Most famous for Classical Conditioning paradigm
Pavlov
66
* 1st Japanese psychologist
| * Behaviorism influential
Hi Kamada
67
Most ___________ psychologist trained in US and Germany then returned to home country
Japanese
68
Very little psychology was done in ________ until 1900s
China
69
What is the importance of physiology in psychology?
* Showed body is controlled by biological factors so it can be studied
* Can also study mind if controlled by biological factors
70
Who all studied nerves?
Gatvan, Helmholtz
71
Who studied body via dissections?
Alcamaeon, Herphilus, Erasisttratus, Galen
72
Who studied sensation/perception?
Lohannes, Muller, Ernst, Weber
73
* Viewed mind as a machine like a clock
* Determinism
* Sensation and ideas are the only kinds of mental elements that exist
James Mill
74
What is creative synthesis?
Complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities
75
Who came up with the concept of Creative synthesis or mental chemistry?
John Stuart Mill
76
Who came up with Mentalism?
George Berkeley
77
What is mentalism?
Doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person.
78
Who came up with Primary and Secondary properties?
John Locke
79
What are primary and secondary qualities?
Primary-Size/Shape of objects whether we perceive them or not
Secondary-color/odor that exists in our perception
80
What was Descartes Mind-Body Problem?
Question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities
81
What is Empiricism?
Pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and attribution of all knowledge to experience
82
What was Babbages machine?
A calculating machine
83
What is reductionism?
Doctrine that explains phenomenon on one level (complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (simple ideas)
