chap 10: interpersonal attraction

Question 1

Which has the better success rate—dating facilitated by a Web site or being set up by family or friends?

a. Web site
b. set up by friends or family
c. The success rates are very similar.
d. Neither. It’s best to meet someone at a bar.

Answer 1

c

Question 2

Leandro tends to be happy when in relationships with others. However, right now, he’s away from home and the absence of meaningful relationships is leading to

a. being more productive at work.
b. feeling even greater happiness from material objects.
c. feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and alienation.
d. experiencing hallucinations.

Answer 2

c

Question 3

Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. They found that residents were most likely to be friends with people

a. similar to them.
b. of the same gender.
c. who lived closer to them.
d. whom their partners befriended first.

Answer 3

c

Question 4

Which of the following adages most directly contradicts research findings on the propinquity effect?

a. Familiarity breeds contempt.
b. You never get a second chance to make a good first impression.
c. Birds of a feather flock together.
d. Opposites attract.

Answer 4

a

Question 5

Distance is to ________ as familiarity is to ________.

a. the propinquity effect; opposites attract
b. functional distance; complementary attraction
c. the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect
d. romantic love; the mere exposure effect

Answer 5

c

Question 6

If an architect were to capitalize on functional distance, and design an apartment building in which all tenants had an equal chance of taking advantage of the propinquity effect, the building would have which of the following features?

a. a long hallway, with apartments separated by large spaces
b. a U-shaped hallway
c. It would be circular, with elevators, laundry facilities, and mailboxes equidistant from all tenants.
d. It would be in a straight line, with mailboxes at one end and elevators at the other end.

Answer 6

c

Question 7

The term “functional distance” refers to

a. the role that physical distance plays in the initiation of relationships.
b. distance and exposure to others that follows from certain aspects of architectural design.
c. the preferred distance between people that varies as a function of the quality of their relationship.
d. the level of comfort that people experience, depending on their distance from others.

Answer 7

b

Question 8

Arlene finds that even though she sat in the opposite corner of the classroom from Ronda during the entire term of their chemistry class, when they bump into each other at a party, she seems to like Ronda more than the strangers around. This is best explained by

a. the mere exposure effect.
b. functional distance.
c. the propinquity effect.
d. similarity.

Answer 8

a

Question 9

You are strongly attracted to Mario, and you very much want him to like you, too, but you’re afraid that if you open your mouth, he won’t like you. If you’re too nervous to interact with Mario, you can take advantage of the mere exposure effect and

a. “accidentally” brush up against him once when you stand in line to buy coffee.
b. frequent the same coffee shop that he goes to, making sure that he sees you every day.
c. ask a friend to point you out the next time you happen to be in the same coffee shop.
d. expose your worst features first, and your strongest features later.

Answer 9

b

Question 10

Moreland and Beach (1992) had a confederate attend large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. She attended some classes a few times and other classes many more times. In keeping with the research on the mere exposure effect presented in the text, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, when would they have liked her best? When she had

a. worn their school colors to all the classes.
b. challenged the professor.
c. attended more classes.
d. attended class only a few times.

Answer 10

c

Question 11

Amy and Jen are roommates this year. ________ would predict that they are likely to like each other, and ________ can be described as the “fuel” that would create a friendship between them.

a. Propinquity; similarity
b. Complementary interests; similarity
c. Physical attractiveness; propinquity
d. Similarity; propinquity

Answer 11

a

Question 12

You are very sociable and outgoing; at a holiday party, you approach a quiet young woman standing alone in the corner. To break the ice, you discuss a number of “safe” topics: what the winter will be like, what new television shows are worth watching, and what books you’ve been reading lately. You both see eye-to-eye on a lot. After the conversation, you like the young woman. Based on a large number of social-psychological experiments, why is that so?

a. You are an extrovert, she is an introvert, and opposites attract.
b. We tend to be attracted to people who hold similar attitudes.
c. We tend to like people who agree on minor points, but disagree on major points.
d. Because you agreed on so much, the functional distance between you was low.

Answer 12

b

Question 13

The greatest amount of research supports the notion of ________ over the notion of ________.

a. complementarity; similarity
b. propinquity; similarity
c. similarity; complementarity
d. mere exposure; similarity

Answer 13

c

Question 14

When Newcomb (1961) randomly assigned male students at the University of Michigan to be roommates at the start of the school year, he found that ________ and ________ were powerful predictors of who would become friends.

a. demographic similarity; physical attractiveness
b. demographic similarity; attitude similarity
c. attitude similarity; physical attractiveness
d. physical attractiveness; the number of friends in common

Answer 14

b

Question 15

Based on what the authors of your text present about similarity and liking, who would Russ (a liberal philosophy major) be most likely to become friends with?

a. George, a conservative accounting major
b. Emily, a college Democrat and philosophy major
c. Armand, a registered Independent and biology major
d. Wilamena, an extremely conservative religion major

Answer 15

b

Question 16

Based on research presented in this chapter, whom is Benjamin going to sit closest to in the library? Benjamin is wearing glasses, a university sweatshirt, and is moderately attractive.

a. Hallie, a very attractive cheerleader dressed in her uniform
b. Wendy, a somewhat attractive sophomore wearing glasses
c. Sienna, a somewhat unattractive art student wearing tie-dyed pants
d. Ava, a very attractive business major in a suit

Answer 16

b

Question 17

All of the following are true EXCEPT

a. people tend to form relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of opinions and interests.
b. similarity is important only for friendship and companionate love relationships and not for romantic love relationships.
c. similarity and propinquity work together when we select to be in situations where we find others similar to ourselves.
d. similar others are frequently chosen for long-term romantic relationships.

Answer 17

c

Question 18

Tony is just looking for a romantic fling, nothing serious. If Tony would describe himself as a preppy, conservative Protestant, whom would he be more likely to choose for a short-term, sexual relationship?

a. Linda, the daughter of his minister
b. Brenda, a preppy member of Young Republicans
c. Zelda, who is a New Age artist
d. Paula, who is member at Tony’s yacht club and goes to his church

Answer 18

c

Question 19

In an experiment, Curtis and Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was told that the other person liked him or her. Participants provided this information actually behaved in more likable ways, and their partners, too, behaved in pleasant ways. Based on the information presented in the text, which of the following could explain their behavior and reciprocal liking?

a. similarity
b. the self-fulfilling prophecy
c. reciprocity of exchange
d. complementarity

Answer 19

b

Question 20

A meta-analysis (Montoya, Horton, & Kirchner, 2008) determined that _____ similarity predicted liking and attraction better than _____ similarity.

a. perceived; actual
b. actual; demographic
c. actual; perceived
d. genetic; perceived

Answer 20

a

Question 21

If you were a student in 1966 at Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues’ first-year orientation dance, what would most likely influence your desire to date again the person with whom you were paired?

a. the date’s intelligence
b. the date’s self-esteem
c. the date’s physical attractiveness
d. the date’s similarity to you

Answer 21

c

Question 22

Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when ________ are being measured than when ________ are being measured.

a. behaviors; evaluations
b. attitudes; behaviors
c. evaluations; attitudes
d. attitudes; evaluations

Answer 22

b

Question 23

Men and women both view physical attractiveness as the most desirable characteristic in potential

a. friends.
b. sexual partners.
c. coworkers.
d. long-term relationship partners

Answer 23

b

Question 24

According to research conducted by Cunningham and his colleagues (1986), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For example, both men and women find ________ attractive in members of the opposite sex.

a. large eyes and prominent cheekbones
b. small noses and chins
c. narrow hips and flat stomachs
d. high foreheads and thick, glossy hair

Answer 24

a

Question 25

When researchers reviewed the literature on standards of beauty across cultures, they found that the attractiveness ratings among participants of all different races and ethnicities ranged from .66 to .93. These relatively large positive correlations suggest that a. standards of beauty differ significantly across cultures. b. standards of beauty are similar within cultures, but not across cultures. c. cultural values determine what is attractive. d. regardless of culture or background, people can agree on what is attractive.

Answer 25

d

Question 26

When researchers suggest that people tend to prefer an “average” face as being most physically attractive, they mean that people prefer a. the face of a regular-looking person. b. the face based on mathematically averaged composites. c. the most common face in a culture. d. someone who is a “5” on attractiveness on a 1 to 10 scale.

Answer 26

b

Question 27

All of the following are true EXCEPT that a. there is general agreement across cultures on what constitutes an attractive face. b. infants tend to prefer the same faces that adults do. c. averaged faces (e.g., computer-generated composites) are the most highly attractive faces. d. large eyes, prominent cheekbones, and big noses are attractive features in both sexes.

Answer 27

d

Question 28

Recall that Perrett et al. (1994) created two kinds of composite faces, an “average attractive” composite and a “highly attractive” composite, using photographs of Caucasian and Japanese men and women. They then asked participants in Great Britain and Japan to rate these faces. They found all of the following EXCEPT that a. the highly attractive composites were rated as significantly more attractive than the average attractive composites. b. Japanese and British participants differed in their assessments, with people preferring faces from their own ethnicity. c. the highly attractive faces were more extreme in the features that are generally considered attractive (e.g., if high cheekbones in general are attractive, then highly attractive faces have higher cheekbones). d. the features that were considered attractive were similar to the features found to be attractive by other researchers.

Answer 28

b

Question 29

What do propinquity, similarity, and reciprocal liking have in common? a. people’s preference for the familiar b. similar cultural values and standards c. differing demands of each sex d. use of the self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 29

a

Question 30

Evolutionarily speaking, one reason that people prefer the familiar over that which is unfamiliar is that a. unfamiliar things can be potentially dangerous. b. familiar things are always good. c. unfamiliar things require more cognitive effort to process. d. familiar things tend to fall into our schemas and stereotypes.

Answer 30

a

Question 31

If you were hiring someone to work as a receptionist for your office, who would you hire and why? a. Jim, who is incredibly efficient and bright, because he will be able to operate the multi-line phone system b. Kurt, who is quite attractive, because he is likely to have the best social skills when greeting difficult clients c. Leland, who is quite attractive, because attractive people are often more intelligent d. Mark, who is unattractive, because his appearance won’t distract clients from buying your product

Answer 31

b

Question 32

Brian does not know anything about Sally except that she is very attractive. Based on research presented in the text, Brian is MOST likely to make the attribution that Sally is a. intelligent and honest. b. empathetic and caring. c. dominant and successful in her career. d. sociable and extroverted.

Answer 32

d

Question 33

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. They found that ________ students were likely to associate attractiveness with ________. a. Korean; personal strength b. all; concern for others c. North American; integrity d. all; friendliness

Answer 33

d

Question 34

Michelle is online looking for a date to an upcoming event. She notices one very attractive individual who has posted interest in attending the event as well. She thinks he is likely to be very sociable, but her roommate who is from Korea thinks he will also be a good match because he will be a. generous. b. very smart. c. strong. d. assertive.

Answer 34

a

Question 35

Studies of the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype support all of the following EXCEPT that the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype a. is found across different cultures. b. affects judgments about peoples’ morality. c. has a “kernel of truth” in that beautiful people may indeed be more socially competent. d. differs somewhat across cultures in a way consistent with the culture’s individualistic or collectivist values.

Answer 35

b

Question 36

Jeremy is about to go on a blind date set up by his friend Justin. Justin gave Jeremy a picture of Carol, his potential date, and she is very attractive. Jeremy is about to call Carol to make arrangements for the date and to get to know her a little better. Which of the following is most likely to occur, according to the experiment by Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) regarding attractiveness and the self-fulfilling prophecy? a. Jeremy will like Carol after talking to her, but only if she is attractive in reality. b. If Carol doesn’t think she’s attractive, she will withdraw throughout the phone conversation despite Jeremy’s friendliness. c. No matter what Carol really looks like, she will be judged as more attractive and confident by a third person listening in on the party line. d. No matter what Carol really looks like, Jeremy will like her, but a third party listening in on the party line will judge her according to how she really looks.

Answer 36

c

Question 37

Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that men who believed they were talking with an attractive woman ________ than did men who thought they were talking with an unattractive woman. a. talked less b. behaved in a warmer way c. were more nervous d. were more confident

Answer 37

b

Question 38

Andersen and Bem (1981) conducted a variation of the getting-acquainted telephone study by Snyder, Elizabeth Tanke, and Berscheid (1977). Andersen and Bem provided attractive and unattractive photos of men to women who interacted with men at the other end of a telephone. What would you expect happened when the women thought that the men with whom they were speaking were the men in the photos? a. The female participants did not fall prey to the self-fulfilling prophecy as did men in previous studies. b. The results were similar to studies in which men were provided the photos. c. The men on the other end did not change their behaviors in response to the women’s differential treatment. d. Because the men controlled the conversations, the self-fulfilling prophecy did not occur.

Answer 38

b

Question 39

An evolutionary psychologist would be most likely to base theories on a. laboratory experiments. b. observations of social roles. c. cultural variations. d. natural selection.

Answer 39

d

Question 40

The reproductive success of ________ is measured by the quantity of their offspring, whereas the reproductive success of ________ is measured by raising their offspring to maturity. a. men; women b. women; men c. younger people; older people d. people in undeveloped countries; people in industrialized nations

Answer 40

a

Question 41

According to the evolutionary approach to love, if Juanita is looking for a romantic partner, who is she most likely to choose? a. Harry Handsome b. Kindly Ken c. Wealthy Wendell d. Nice Ned

Answer 41

c

Question 42

Evolutionary theory suggests that ________ should be attracted to ________. a. men; younger, more financially stable women b. men; older, more physically attractive women c. women; younger, more physically attractive men d. women; older, more financially stable men

Answer 42

d

Question 43

While the 37-culture study (Buss, 1989) found gender differences in preferences for mates, which of the following were at the top of both men’s and women’s lists for a mate? a. industriousness b. honesty c. physical attractiveness d. ambition

Answer 43

b

Question 44

At certain times in the menstrual cycle, women demonstrate a preference for a mate that has the greatest degree of facial symmetry, facial masculinity, and a muscular physique. These demonstrate a male’s degree of a. reproductive fitness. b. propinquity. c. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. familiarity.

Answer 44

a

Question 45

In Tribble culture, females court and pursue potential mates. Based on the research by Finkel and Eastwick (2009), what is most likely to occur? a. The male Tribbles will be more selective than the females when choosing a mating partner. b. The female Tribbles will be more selective than the males when choosing a mating partner. c. The male and female Tribbles will be equally selective when choosing a mating partner. d. Tribble culture will shift to having arranged marriages.

Answer 45

a

Question 46

Emma and Clark have some tough relationship issues to sort out. Based on the research by Misra and colleagues (2014), if they want to feel connected to one another and express the necessary amount of empathy during their discussion, what should they do? a. Have the talk outside where the environment is less restrictive. b. Put their chairs very close to one another to increase their propinquity. c. Have the discussion while babysitting a neighbor’s children, so their reproductive fitness goals are activated. d. Put their mobile devices away.

Answer 46

d

Question 47

In research by Pryzbylski and Weinstein (2013), the mere presence of a mobile device decreased participants’ feelings of a. trust, closeness, and empathy. b. apprehension and unease. c. happiness, euphoria, and arousal. d. fear, calm, and awareness.

Answer 47

a

Question 48

Research conducted by Leskovec and Horvitz (2007) has found that, in an analysis of instant messaging interactions between 240 million people, the connection between 90 percent of pairs a. could be connected in about 20 links/hops. b. could not reliably be connected using the six degrees of separation theory. c. were connected within 8 links/hops. d. were operating only in localized (physically close) network conversations.

Answer 48

c

Question 49

People have a tendency to be attracted to others who are of the same level of physical attractiveness. Research by Taylor and colleagues (2011) found that this also applies to level of _______. a. popularity b. height c. income d. athleticism

Answer 49

a

Question 50

Research by Toma and colleagues found that ______ of participants in their research provided some inaccurate information on their online dating profile. a. 15% b. almost 50% c. over 70% d. 100%

Answer 50

c

Question 51

Research by Hancock and Toma (2009) found that 32% of dating profile photographs were deceptive. In this case, daters seem to provide inaccurate photos a. unconsciously. b. intentionally. c. deliberately. d. willfully.

Answer 51

a

Question 52

Your friend asked you to look at a number of dating profiles to help him try to spot any deceptive profiles before he makes contact. Based on research presented in this chapter, which of the following would be a red flag? a. Sam writes a lot about himself using “I” and “me.” b. Pat describes himself as “a globe trotter.” c. Chris has a really short description of himself. d. Will writes about himself and his recent visits to extravagant restaurants.

Answer 52

c

Question 53

Until relatively recently, social psychologists have limited their study of interpersonal attraction to initial encounters or first impressions. Why? a. Long-term relationships are more difficult to study scientifically. b. Initial impressions determine what will happen over time. c. It is an unethical violation of privacy to study long-term relationships. d. First impressions are the most important in determining relationship satisfaction.

Answer 53

a

Question 54

One reason that social psychology took a long time to begin studying long-term relationships was because watching humans behave can change their natural behaviors. This is an example of ________ and something researchers have to be very concerned about. a. debriefing b. social influence c. persuasion d. informed consent

Answer 54

b

Question 55

Often, toward the beginning of romantic relationships, we experience ________, whereas after the relationship has continued for a number of years, we experience ________. a. fatuous love; commitment b. intimacy; romantic love c. commitment; passionate love d. passionate love; companionate love

Answer 55

d

Question 56

Which of the following couples is most likely to experience arousal, ecstasy, and intense longing when the other is away? a. Ruth (age eighty-one) and Omar (age eighty-five), who have been married sixty years b. Tricia (age twenty-nine) and Martin (age thirty-one), who have been engaged for four years c. Ida (age seventy-six) and George (age eighty-three), who were smitten with each other at recent community dance d. Jonah (age nineteen) and Kerrigan (age eighteen), who have been sweethearts since childhood

Answer 56

c

Question 57

Cross-cultural research indicates that Chinese couples value ________ more, and American couples value ________ more. a. companionate love; passionate love b. companionate love; commitment c. commitment; companionate love d. passionate love; companionate love

Answer 57

a

Question 58

Results of a study by Jankowiak and Fischer (1992) examining love across 166 cultures shows that cultures in ________ tend to have the greatest percentage of cultures with passionate love. a. sub-Saharan Africa b. North America c. Eurasia d. South and Central America

Answer 58

c

Question 59

Western cultures see ________ as the basis for marriage, while Eastern cultures see ________ as the basis for marriage. a. mutual economic benefit; spiritual love b. romantic love; similarities in social standing of families c. romantic love; spiritual love d. mutual economic benefit; similarities in social standing of families

Answer 59

b

Question 60

As the authors of your text explain, love is experienced differently in different cultures. For instance the Japanese term, amae, has no English equivalent, but can best be described as a. helping and working for another person. b. being totally indulged and cared for by your partner. c. sorrowful or pitiful love. d. what ties two people together.

Answer 60

b

Question 61

Gan qing is a Chinese concept of love which is achieved by a. obtaining the approval of both partners’ families. b. being completely dependent on one another. c. helping and working for another person. d. married couples who are sexually satisfied.

Answer 61

c

Question 62

A strong tie that binds people together, whether they be romantic couples or business rivals, that is only developed over time and through mutual experiences is described with the term ________ in Korean culture. a. jung b. yuan c. kim-bop d. jhana

Answer 62

a

Question 63

At a Korean wedding, the newlyweds were toasted by the bride’s grandparents who have been married for fifty-two years. One of the guests whispers, “The bride and groom are in love, but over time, her grandparents have developed very strong ________.” a. amae b. jung c. kimchi d. dharma

Answer 63

b

Question 64

119. Researchers who have compared conceptions of love in China and in Western countries have found that a. there are no cultural differences in the experience or expectations of love. b. Chinese conceptions of love expressed in love songs are more passionate and erotic than American perceptions. c. American conceptions of love expressed in love songs are more passionate and erotic than Chinese perceptions. d. Chinese more so than Americans have a conception that ties love together with sadness.

Answer 64

d

Question 65

A good way to summarize cross-cultural research on love is to say that a. cultures differ in the language they use to describe love but not at all in their experience of love. b. love experiences are very different in different cultures. c. the emotional experience of love is similar across cultures but different concepts of love reflect beliefs that are valued more in some cultures than in others. d. there are similar concepts of love across cultures but the actual emotional experiences associated with these concepts may differ.

Answer 65

c

Question 66

Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) identified three basic attachment styles, which they termed a. anxious/ambivalent; avoidant; insecure. b. anxious; avoidant; ambivalent. c. secure; ambivalent; anxious/avoidant. d. secure; avoidant; anxious/ambivalent.

Answer 66

d

Question 67

Melanie doesn’t find it easy to trust other people and says that she doesn’t “need anybody.” In all likelihood, Melanie’s ________ attachment style can be traced to a caregiver who ________. a. anxious/ambivalent; was inconsistent in her affections b. avoidant; was overbearing in her expressions of affection c. anxious/ambivalent; resisted Melanie’s attempts at intimacy d. avoidant; was aloof and distant

Answer 67

d

Question 68

“I find that others are reluctant to get as close to me as I would like. I often have dreams that my husband doesn’t love me like he used to, and that he leaves me unexpectedly. I guess I have this need to lose myself in the person I love, and this sometimes scares them away.” A person who is ________ attached most likely wrote those words. a. securely b. insecurely c. anxiously d. avoidantly

Answer 68

c

Question 69

Roger’s attachment style is secure and Bob’s attachment style is secure. Based on the research presented in your text, what could you infer about their relationship? a. They are likely dissatisfied with their relationship. b. They are satisfied and committed to the relationship. c. They will shift to more anxious attachment styles overtime. d. They are both hoping to leave the relationship as soon as possible.

Answer 69

b

Question 70

Nelly really likes Brian. They don’t go out often, but when they do, they engage in fun activities, but rarely talk or develop any emotional closeness. This is most likely because a. Brian has an avoidant attachment style. b. Brian has an anxious attachment style. c. Nelly has an anxious attachment style. d. they are both securely attached.

Answer 70

a

Question 71

According to a survey presented in the text, which attachment style do most people have? a. secure b. insecure c. avoidant d. anxious/ambivalent

Answer 71

a

Question 72

When researchers performed an fMRI on participants looking at pictures of someone they were in love with, they found that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and caudate nucleus were activated, and that they were more strongly activated the more intensely participants indicated that they loved the person in the photo. These particular areas of the brain are associated with the a. release of serotonin. b. release of dopamine. c. experience of physical arousal. d. onset of puberty.

Answer 72

b

Question 73

Frank tells his friend that he his madly in love with Marie, and that it feels like he’s high. There is some element of truth to that because a. Frank’s brain is releasing the neurotransmitter serotonin. b. Frank’s brain is using glucose at a faster rate. c. the areas in Frank’s brain that experience reward and release dopamine are active. d. chemicals in Frank’s brain are completely out of balance, much like a heroin addict.

Answer 73

c

Question 74

Erich Fromm (1955) wrote, “Love is often nothing but a favorable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market.” Although a bit cynical, this description of friendship is most compatible with the ________ theory of attraction. a. social exchange b. propinquity c. equity d. comparison level

Answer 74

a

Question 75

Social exchange theory posits that relationship satisfaction depends on our perceptions of the rewards and costs associated with the relationship, what kind of relationship we believe we deserve, and whether a. we believe that a relationship with someone else would be better. b. our partner makes comparable investments in the relationship. c. relationship resources are distributed equally. d. relationship resources are distributed equitably.

Answer 75

a

Question 76

Miguel believes that rewards are an important part of maintaining a relationship. His friend Lucas is his “pistolão.” That means Lucas a. carries a large handgun. b. will use his personal connections to help Miguel. c. is powerful and wealthy. d. is kind, caring, and compassionate.

Answer 76

b

Question 77

According to social exchange theory, ________ refers to people’s expectations about the rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship. a. relational outcome b. response contingencies c. comparison level d. comparison level for alternatives

Answer 77

c

Question 78

Although Barbara’s relationship with Jaquez provides relatively few rewards compared to the costs, Barbara has come to expect that most relationships are difficult and costly. Thus, although Barbara holds a ________, she is unlikely to abandon her relationship with Jaquez. a. low comparison level b. high comparison level c. low comparison level for alternatives d. high comparison level for alternatives

Answer 78

a

Question 79

According to social exchange theory, even if someone is in a good relationship, he or she would be likely to leave if he or she has a a. high comparison level. b. low comparison level. c. high comparison level for alternatives. d. low comparison level of alternatives.

Answer 79

c

Question 80

Rusbult’s (1983) research on college-age dating couples showed that rewards played a role in determining satisfaction ________ and that costs played a role ________. a. only in the first few months; always b. throughout the relationship; only in the first few months c. only after the first few months; always d. throughout the relationship; only after the first few months

Answer 80

d

Question 81

In her investment model of close relationships, what does Rusbult (1983) define as an investment? a. any monetary inputs into the relationship b. any inputs into a relationship that would be lost if one left that relationship c. the psychological interest that accrues to people in relationships d. the total costs of leaving a relationship

Answer 81

b

Question 82

Rusbult and other researchers suggest that in trying to predict relationship satisfaction, we need to consider not only the rewards and costs of a given relationship, but also a. the partners’ level of investment in the relationship. b. whether passionate or companionate love is involved. c. the culture from which the relationship partners come. d. whether relationship partners are heterosexual, lesbian, or gay.

Answer 82

a

Question 83

According to Rusbult’s investment model of relationships, a. some relationships are communal, in the sense that people are not concerned about the rewards they are getting from their partners. b. the main predictor of whether people will stay in a relationship is how satisfied they are with that relationship. c. some women stay in abusive relationships because they have a high investment in the relationship and they have poor alternatives. d. when deciding whether to stay in a relationship, people rarely consider their “comparison level.”

Answer 83

c

Question 84

________ theory holds that people are happiest in their relationships when their rewards and costs are comparable to the rewards and costs of their partners. a. Social exchange b. Equity c. Equality d. Distributive justice

Answer 84

b

Question 85

In their relationship, Marc and Nora both perceive that Marc has been paying more than his fair share of costs and that Nora is receiving more than her fair share of benefits. According to equity theory, a. neither Marc nor Nora should feel uncomfortable with the situation. b. Marc should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but not Nora. c. Nora should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but not Marc. d. both should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but Marc should feel more uncomfortable than Nora.

Answer 85

d

Question 86

Jessica has been treating Paul like a king. She pays for all of their dates, and does lots of special things for him. Paul has not been reciprocating this treatment. How is he likely to be feeling, according to equity theory? a. very pleased b. uncomfortable and guilty c. committed d. satisfied

Answer 86

b

Question 87

Which of the following types of relationships is most likely to be an exchange relationship in which partners trade resources “in kind”? a. a casual relationship b. a close friendship c. a family relationship d. a romantic relationship

Answer 87

a

Question 88

Consider the following quote from Hatfield and Rapson (1993): Does “dinner at an expensive restaurant on Monday balance out three nights of neglect due to a heavy workload”? In other words, a. rigid, tit-for-tat strategies are common in long-term relationships. b. long-term, intimate relationships are governed by looser notions of equity. c. to predict relationship longevity, one must consider individuals’ investments. d. rewards and costs are relatively easy to determine when a relationship is a long-term one.

Answer 88

b

Question 89

In their relationship, Mark is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Jenn is concerned with being responsive to Mark’s needs. Mark views the relationship as a(n) ________ relationship and Jenn views it as a(n) ________ relationship. a. exchange; communal b. interlocked; loose c. communal; interdependent d. dependent; interdependent

Answer 89

a

Question 90

Dave has recently taken Jennifer out for a wonderful, elaborate birthday date, which involved all of Jennifer’s favorite activities and an expensive gift. However, when Dave’s birthday came a week later, Jennifer gave him some flowers and told him that she had too much work to do, so they could not go out anywhere. Remembering the birthday he had given Jennifer a week earlier, Dave was very upset. Jennifer could not understand his anger and told him that she had thought that the gift he had given her was because he loved her, not because he thought he would get a gift later. Dave considers the relationship to be based on ________ and Jennifer considers the relationship to be ________. a. equality; equitable b. equity; equal c. communality; based on exchange principles d. exchange; communal

Answer 90

d

Question 91

Martha and Jan have been having trouble in their relationship for some time. One night when Martha is out, Jan reflects on their relationship and can’t help thinking about all the ways things have been going wrong. Their sex life, once passionate, is only so-so; they hardly talk anymore; and Martha no longer seems to like Jan’s friends. These late night ruminations best represent the ________ stage of relationship dissolution (Duck, 1982). a. intrapersonal b. dyadic c. dialectic d. interpersonal

Answer 91

d

Question 92

John and Patricia are miserable in their relationship. If John were to use a tactic that is both destructive and passive, he would a. ignore Patricia or spend less time with her, but remain loyal, hoping things will improve. b. sit and hope that things will improve between them. c. threaten Patricia that he will leave her unless things improve. d. suggest that he and Patricia see a relationship counselor.

Answer 92

a

Question 93

Based on research by Akert (1998), which of the following people is MOST likely to experience such physical disorders as headaches, stomachaches, and trouble sleeping after a breakup? a. Gene, who was dumped by Linda b. Mariana, who agreed with her husband that they should end their relationship c. Frank, who dumped his wife for a younger woman d. Yolanda, who has to care for two children after her divorce

Answer 93

a

Question 94

Mike has recently broken up with his girlfriend Maura. According to research conducted by Akert (1998), over the next few weeks, Mike likely to experience a. depression. b. guilt. c. elation. d. devastation.

Answer 94

b

Question 95

According to research conducted by Akert (1998), someone ________ would suffer the most after the dissolution of his or her romantic relationship. a. who was dumped b. who dumped his or her partner c. for whom the decision was mutual d. who tried to “stay friends”

Answer 95

a