chap 9: group processes Flashcards
(97 cards)
In Chapter 9, the authors describe decisions made as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This example illustrates that
a. it is preferable to make group decisions when groups are cohesive.
b. group decision making is not necessarily superior to individual decision making.
c. at least in foreign policy matters, threats often work better than negotiations.
d. at least in foreign policy matters, negotiations are preferable to threats.
b
The definition of a group provided in your text includes all of the following EXCEPT
a. it includes two or more members.
b. members are physically in the same place at the same time.
c. members interact with each other.
d. members are interdependent.
b
In social groups, interdependence is reflected in
a. working toward a common goal.
b. finding alternatives to conflict.
c. influencing and being influenced.
d. communicating with one another.
c
According to the definition provided in your text, which of the following qualifies as a group?
a. people riding in an elevator together
b. members of a large church congregation
c. an author, an illustrator, and an editor working on a book together over the Internet
d. six students studying different topics at the same table in the library
c
Researchers such as Baumeister and Leary (1995) argue that the need to belong to groups is present in all societies because
a. group membership has conferred evolutionary advantages to humans.
b. cultural norms everywhere dictate that people cooperate.
c. hunting and farming have been replaced by business and technology.
d. the Industrial Revolution brought about increased specialization in the workforce.
a
The idea that people have an innate need to belong to groups is consistent with the finding that people in all cultures
a. spend 90 percent of their time with other people.
b. spend more time thinking about others than themselves.
c. are motivated to form relationships with others.
d. seek to include everyone they meet.
c
Which of the following will give the greatest sense of belonging to a group and a sense of distinctiveness from others?
a. being a student at the University of X
b. being a member of the psychology honors society
c. being an employee of Target
d. being a supporter of the New York Yankees
b
According to social-psychological reasoning, a large “student body” is NOT a social group because
a. students seldom share a common goal.
b. there is not consensus on the norms for appropriate behavior.
c. students vary tremendously in age, beliefs, backgrounds, and opinions.
d. each student cannot possibly interact with all other students.
d
“We will not talk about other members behind their backs, and we will never divulge one another’s secrets to anyone, inside or outside this group.” The preceding statement reflects
a. well-defined roles.
b. a consensual proscription.
c. a group norm.
d. a superordinate goal.
c
In Dan’s family, it’s customary to wear a nice pair of jeans and a shirt to a wedding, but in Blake’s family, it’s typical to wear a suit and tie, if not a tuxedo, to weddings. This example demonstrates that norms
a. do not predict behavior very well.
b. can vary depending on the group.
c. were meant to be violated.
d. are a form of authoritarian control.
b
Whereas ________ specify how all group members should behave, ________ specify how individuals in particular positions should behave.
a. roles; norms
b. norms; rules
c. rules; roles
d. norms; roles
d
Josh is the president of his college residence hall, and he is therefore expected to act in a respectable, dignified manner when he attends campus functions. What social psychological phenomenon does this illustrate?
a. a social role
b. a group representativeness assumption
c. informational influence
d. a loss of personal identity
a
Recall that in the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo (1973), guards became increasingly aggressive and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn, all in under a week. Results of this (aborted) study suggest that
a. social roles can take on a power all their own.
b. norms in the real world are often adopted in artificial settings.
c. humans are inherently aggressive and will “act out” in the appropriate situation.
d. interdependence can be reduced in powerful situations.
a
According to Zimbardo, why would U.S. soldiers abuse the prisoners they were ordered to guard?
a. The soldiers were a few “bad apples.”
b. The situation of being a prison guard was a “bad barrel.”
c. The prisoners were rioting.
d. The soldiers were extremely racist.
b
The qualities of a group that tie members together and promote liking between members are known as
a. attractants.
b. attachment.
c. group cohesiveness.
d. social norms.
c
Group cohesiveness is almost always positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT
a. effective problem solving.
b. retention of group members.
c. participation in group activities.
d. recruiting new, like-minded members.
a
When is high cohesiveness likely to be a problem for a group?
a. when the group’s purpose is primarily social
b. when the group is encountering stressful times
c. when the group is working on a task that requires close cooperation between members
d. when the group’s task is to solve a problem
d
In Cirque du Soleil, performers include highly choreographed acrobats, dancers, actors, and gymnasts. In order to perform their best, these performers should be
a. part of a rather non-cohesive group.
b. a cohesive group.
c. allowed to violate norms.
d. given social roles depending on gender.
b
Which person is LEAST likely to be in a group with the other three?
a. Ben: age fifty, married, politically conservative accountant
b. Sam: age forty-seven, single, ultra-conservative lawyer
c. Sally: age forty-eight, married, politically conservative manager
d. Lauren: age twenty-five, single, liberal waitress
d
In a study conducted by Zajonc and his colleagues (1969), they examined the question of whether organisms perform better in the presence of others or alone, using ________ as participants.
a. college undergraduates
b. cockroaches
c. dolphins
d. firefighters
b
The presence of others will facilitate performance for
a. Tim, who is washing his car as his neighbors watch.
b. Jasmine, who gives a dress rehearsal of a long speech.
c. Arthur, who performs his first heart surgery with interns looking on.
d. Lola, who is learning a new gymnastics routine with her team.
a
Adele has never driven a car with a manual transmission before—that is, she’s never had to decide when to shift gears, push in the clutch, or stop suddenly when the car is in gear. She’s just bought a car with manual transmission, and wants to practice driving it before she takes it onto the highway. What should she do?
a. Take her best friend along to provide instructions and support.
b. Drive the car alone until she gets the hang of it.
c. Have a group of friends follow along behind her to help pull her out of a ditch if something goes wrong.
d. Drive on the busiest road in the city.
b
Recall that Zajonc and his colleagues (1969) employed the lowly cockroach in their studies of social facilitation. In the presence of other cockroaches, roaches would run faster down a straightaway to escape a bright light than they would alone, but took longer in the presence of a cockroach audience when the escape route was more complicated (i.e., when they had to run a maze). These findings support the idea that
a. members of even the lowliest species experience evaluation apprehension.
b. cockroaches differ from humans in their response to other members of their species.
c. the presence of other members of a species elicits the most dominant response.
d. the presence of other members of a species impedes the most dominant response.
c
Social facilitation refers to the tendency of people to perform ________ on simple tasks and ________ on complex tasks when others are present.
a. better; worse
b. worse; better
c. faster; slower
d. slower; faster
a