chap 9: group processes

Question 1

In Chapter 9, the authors describe decisions made as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This example illustrates that

a. it is preferable to make group decisions when groups are cohesive.
b. group decision making is not necessarily superior to individual decision making.
c. at least in foreign policy matters, threats often work better than negotiations.
d. at least in foreign policy matters, negotiations are preferable to threats.

Answer 1

b

Question 2

The definition of a group provided in your text includes all of the following EXCEPT

a. it includes two or more members.
b. members are physically in the same place at the same time.
c. members interact with each other.
d. members are interdependent.

Answer 2

b

Question 3

In social groups, interdependence is reflected in

a. working toward a common goal.
b. finding alternatives to conflict.
c. influencing and being influenced.
d. communicating with one another.

Answer 3

c

Question 4

According to the definition provided in your text, which of the following qualifies as a group?

a. people riding in an elevator together
b. members of a large church congregation
c. an author, an illustrator, and an editor working on a book together over the Internet
d. six students studying different topics at the same table in the library

Answer 4

c

Question 5

Researchers such as Baumeister and Leary (1995) argue that the need to belong to groups is present in all societies because

a. group membership has conferred evolutionary advantages to humans.
b. cultural norms everywhere dictate that people cooperate.
c. hunting and farming have been replaced by business and technology.
d. the Industrial Revolution brought about increased specialization in the workforce.

Answer 5

a

Question 6

The idea that people have an innate need to belong to groups is consistent with the finding that people in all cultures

a. spend 90 percent of their time with other people.
b. spend more time thinking about others than themselves.
c. are motivated to form relationships with others.
d. seek to include everyone they meet.

Answer 6

c

Question 7

Which of the following will give the greatest sense of belonging to a group and a sense of distinctiveness from others?

a. being a student at the University of X
b. being a member of the psychology honors society
c. being an employee of Target
d. being a supporter of the New York Yankees

Answer 7

b

Question 8

According to social-psychological reasoning, a large “student body” is NOT a social group because

a. students seldom share a common goal.
b. there is not consensus on the norms for appropriate behavior.
c. students vary tremendously in age, beliefs, backgrounds, and opinions.
d. each student cannot possibly interact with all other students.

Answer 8

d

Question 9

“We will not talk about other members behind their backs, and we will never divulge one another’s secrets to anyone, inside or outside this group.” The preceding statement reflects

a. well-defined roles.
b. a consensual proscription.
c. a group norm.
d. a superordinate goal.

Answer 9

c

Question 10

In Dan’s family, it’s customary to wear a nice pair of jeans and a shirt to a wedding, but in Blake’s family, it’s typical to wear a suit and tie, if not a tuxedo, to weddings. This example demonstrates that norms

a. do not predict behavior very well.
b. can vary depending on the group.
c. were meant to be violated.
d. are a form of authoritarian control.

Answer 10

b

Question 11

Whereas ________ specify how all group members should behave, ________ specify how individuals in particular positions should behave.

a. roles; norms
b. norms; rules
c. rules; roles
d. norms; roles

Answer 11

d

Question 12

Josh is the president of his college residence hall, and he is therefore expected to act in a respectable, dignified manner when he attends campus functions. What social psychological phenomenon does this illustrate?

a. a social role
b. a group representativeness assumption
c. informational influence
d. a loss of personal identity

Answer 12

a

Question 13

Recall that in the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo (1973), guards became increasingly aggressive and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn, all in under a week. Results of this (aborted) study suggest that

a. social roles can take on a power all their own.
b. norms in the real world are often adopted in artificial settings.
c. humans are inherently aggressive and will “act out” in the appropriate situation.
d. interdependence can be reduced in powerful situations.

Answer 13

a

Question 14

According to Zimbardo, why would U.S. soldiers abuse the prisoners they were ordered to guard?

a. The soldiers were a few “bad apples.”
b. The situation of being a prison guard was a “bad barrel.”
c. The prisoners were rioting.
d. The soldiers were extremely racist.

Answer 14

b

Question 15

The qualities of a group that tie members together and promote liking between members are known as

a. attractants.
b. attachment.
c. group cohesiveness.
d. social norms.

Answer 15

c

Question 16

Group cohesiveness is almost always positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT

a. effective problem solving.
b. retention of group members.
c. participation in group activities.
d. recruiting new, like-minded members.

Answer 16

a

Question 17

When is high cohesiveness likely to be a problem for a group?

a. when the group’s purpose is primarily social
b. when the group is encountering stressful times
c. when the group is working on a task that requires close cooperation between members
d. when the group’s task is to solve a problem

Answer 17

d

Question 18

In Cirque du Soleil, performers include highly choreographed acrobats, dancers, actors, and gymnasts. In order to perform their best, these performers should be

a. part of a rather non-cohesive group.
b. a cohesive group.
c. allowed to violate norms.
d. given social roles depending on gender.

Answer 18

b

Question 19

Which person is LEAST likely to be in a group with the other three?

a. Ben: age fifty, married, politically conservative accountant
b. Sam: age forty-seven, single, ultra-conservative lawyer
c. Sally: age forty-eight, married, politically conservative manager
d. Lauren: age twenty-five, single, liberal waitress

Answer 19

d

Question 20

In a study conducted by Zajonc and his colleagues (1969), they examined the question of whether organisms perform better in the presence of others or alone, using ________ as participants.

a. college undergraduates
b. cockroaches
c. dolphins
d. firefighters

Answer 20

b

Question 21

The presence of others will facilitate performance for

a. Tim, who is washing his car as his neighbors watch.
b. Jasmine, who gives a dress rehearsal of a long speech.
c. Arthur, who performs his first heart surgery with interns looking on.
d. Lola, who is learning a new gymnastics routine with her team.

Answer 21

a

Question 22

Adele has never driven a car with a manual transmission before—that is, she’s never had to decide when to shift gears, push in the clutch, or stop suddenly when the car is in gear. She’s just bought a car with manual transmission, and wants to practice driving it before she takes it onto the highway. What should she do?

a. Take her best friend along to provide instructions and support.
b. Drive the car alone until she gets the hang of it.
c. Have a group of friends follow along behind her to help pull her out of a ditch if something goes wrong.
d. Drive on the busiest road in the city.

Answer 22

b

Question 23

Recall that Zajonc and his colleagues (1969) employed the lowly cockroach in their studies of social facilitation. In the presence of other cockroaches, roaches would run faster down a straightaway to escape a bright light than they would alone, but took longer in the presence of a cockroach audience when the escape route was more complicated (i.e., when they had to run a maze). These findings support the idea that

a. members of even the lowliest species experience evaluation apprehension.
b. cockroaches differ from humans in their response to other members of their species.
c. the presence of other members of a species elicits the most dominant response.
d. the presence of other members of a species impedes the most dominant response.

Answer 23

c

Question 24

Social facilitation refers to the tendency of people to perform ________ on simple tasks and ________ on complex tasks when others are present.

a. better; worse
b. worse; better
c. faster; slower
d. slower; faster

Answer 24

a

Question 25

Zajonc (1965) wrote an influential article in which he posited a theoretical explanation for the social facilitation effect. Elegantly simple, this explanation included two steps: a. the presence of others causes arousal, and arousal makes it easier to do simple things and harder to do difficult or new things. b. the actors are concerned about evaluation, and the most dominant response is activated. c. the presence of others is distracting, and distractions make it more difficult to perform. d. the performance of difficult tasks is arousing, and arousal impedes performance.

Answer 25

a

Question 26

When your roommate enters the room while you’re typing an email, it can make you uncomfortable. The roommate isn’t judging you, but you may still feel uncomfortable, according to Zajonc, because the roommate’s mere presence is a. evaluative. b. fear-arousing. c. arousing. d. pleasurable.

Answer 26

c

Question 27

According to your authors, there are three theories that can explain the role of arousal in social facilitation. Which of the following best represents the three theories? a. others make us alert; apprehension about being evaluated; and others are distracting b. others distract us; we do not want to violate a norm by doing something wrong; we are more alert around others c. people are no more distracting than a lamp; lamps provide visual distraction; distraction from easy tasks is unlikely to impact performance d. easy tasks are made difficult if too much thought is devoted to the task; distraction from tasks positively impacts performance; we are less alert when distracted by others

Answer 27

a

Question 28

Which of the following explanations for social facilitation applies to humans but NOT to cockroaches? Humans are a. alert and aroused in the presence of other members of their species. b. distracted by a number of stimuli, including members of their own species. c. aroused at the prospect of evaluation. d. more likely to perform their dominant response when aroused.

Answer 28

c

Question 29

Baron (1986) has found that flashing lights can cause the same social facilitation effects as the presence of other people. These findings support the idea that ________ is the source of arousal that enhances performance on simple tasks. a. evaluation apprehension b. increased vigilance c. distraction d. reactance

Answer 29

c

Question 30

Presently, there are three main ideas as to why the presence of others leads to greater arousal. Which of the following is NOT one of the three explanations? The presence of others a. makes us vigilant. b. causes us to become emotional. c. is distracting. d. leads to evaluation apprehension.

Answer 30

b

Question 31

Research illustrated that even the presence of a(n) ________ impacted performance such that participants did better on ________ tasks and worse on ________ tasks. a. favorite TV character; complex; simple b. unknown movie star; simple; complex c. unknown actor; complex; simple d. favorite TV character; simple; complex

Answer 31

d

Question 32

61. Social ________ refers to the tendency of people to do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and when their individual performance cannot be evaluated. a. facilitation b. inhibition c. accountability d. loafing

Answer 32

d

Question 33

Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in social loafing? a. Amanda, who sits alone in her office, licking stamps and placing them on envelopes b. Tim, who washes a car with his friends c. Phoebe, who works with her classmates on a difficult assignment d. Danny, who struggles alone with a difficult calculus problem

Answer 33

b

Question 34

Group or team learning activities are becoming more common in the university setting. That is, professors often assign students to work in groups. Given what you know about social loafing, what advice would you give a professor who is considering using group learning activities? a. Make sure that the groups of students are cohesive, and appoint their own leader. b. For simple assignments, the groups will likely do worse than you would expect from individuals. c. For complex assignments, the groups will likely do worse than you would expect from individuals. d. Beware of social loafing; it’s always better to have students work alone if you want them to do well.

Answer 34

b

Question 35

When a crowd of people clap or cheer, it is difficult to tell just how loud each individual is applauding or cheering. If people tend to clap louder when they are alone than when they are in a crowd, they are probably engaging in a. social facilitation. b. social loafing. c. cognitive dissonance. d. groupthink.

Answer 35

b

Question 36

Many Asian cultures are collectivistic; that is, they tend to place a greater emphasis on the welfare of the group than on the individual. Conversely, Western cultures tend to stress individual performance more than that of the group. A reasonable hypothesis would be that the social loafing effect is a. stronger in Western cultures. b. stronger in collectivist cultures. c. unaffected by cultural norms. d. almost nonexistent in collectivistic cultures.

Answer 36

a

Question 37

Professor Smith has long used group projects in her courses. The groups have always performed extraordinarily well, and students seem to learn a great deal from such projects. Having just taken a new job at a different college, Dr. Smith finds that the group projects are of considerably lower quality. What might you conclude given the work of Karau and Williams (1993)? a. Professor Smith used to teach at a women’s college, but is now teaching at a men’s college. b. Professor Smith used to teach at an ivy league school, but now teaches at a state university. c. Professor Smith used to teach at a men’s college, but is now teaching at a women’s college. d. Professor Smith used to teach at a state university, but now teaches in the ivy league.

Answer 37

a

Question 38

You are a project manager at your company, and you must choose the last member of your team. Which of the following people would be the least likely to social loaf? a. Jim, a man from Texas b. Spencer, a man from London, England c. Tran, a man from Vietnam d. Don, a man from New York City

Answer 38

c

Question 39

Both social facilitation and social loafing are examples of the influence that the presence of others has on our behaviors. These phenomena differ, however, in that presence of others ________ in social facilitation situations and ________ in social loafing situations. a. increases arousal; decreases arousal b. impairs performance on simple tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks c. decreases arousal; increases arousal d. enhances performance on complex tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks

Answer 39

a

Question 40

In order to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder performance, one needs two pieces of information: whether ________ and whether ________. a. individual performance can be evaluated; the task is simple or complex b. arousal is present; one holds individualistic or collectivistic values c. arousal is high or low; the others are friends or strangers d. individual performance can be evaluated; arousal is high or low

Answer 40

a

Question 41

78. ________ refers to the loosening of normal behavioral constraints when people are in a crowd, leading to increases in impulsive and deviant acts. a. Social loafing b. Collective contagion c. Deindividuation d. Collective anonymity

Answer 41

c

Question 42

Research on deindividuation suggests that when people are part of a crowd, they become a. more aware of their personal standards and values. b. higher in evaluation apprehension. c. more likely to act in an impulsive and deviant manner. d. higher in relational interdependence.

Answer 42

c

Question 43

Consider the following destructive acts: soccer fans bludgeoning one another, young people throwing rocks at police officers, and Klansmen lynching African Americans. All of these are examples of the dangerous effects of a. hysterical contagion. b. anti-social contagion. c. anti-social anonymity. d. deindividuation.

Answer 43

d

Question 44

For Halloween, Jeff wears a sheet and goes to a party as a ghost. How is this costume likely to influence his behavior? He will a. focus more attention on himself, causing greater self-awareness. b. feel less like himself, causing him to reaffirm his own moral standards. c. feel less personally accountable for his behavior. d. be more likely to monitor his own behavior.

Answer 44

c

Question 45

There is a powerful scene in the classic film, To Kill a Mockingbird; Atticus Finch, a small town lawyer, is on the courthouse steps standing guard over Tom Robinson, an African-American prisoner whom he is defending. A mob of townspeople and local farmers approaches the courthouse, demanding that Atticus turn over Robinson; they are intent on administering their own form of vigilante justice. Suddenly, Atticus’s young daughter Scout steps forward. She doesn’t understand what’s about to happen, and begins to address people in the crowd, “Hey, Mr. Cunningham. How’s your boy? I like Walter, but I haven’t seen him in awhile.” As Scout innocently addresses a number of individuals in the crowd, they begin to leave one by one, until the whole lynch mob is disbanded. Scout’s behavior disrupts the ________ that might have led to a lynching. a. norm of moral responsibility b. social facilitation c. social loafing d. deindividuation

Answer 45

d

Question 46

Consider the following antisocial acts: European soccer fans sometimes attack and bludgeon players and other fans; in the United States, members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) burned houses and lynched innocents; frenzied rock and roll fans trample one another, sometimes resulting in deaths. What do these situations have in common? They a. represent the downside of social facilitation. b. demonstrate the tragedies sometimes caused by anonymity. c. represent an unexpected hazard of group cohesion. d. reflect mass actions caused by relative deprivation.

Answer 46

b

Question 47

A police officer is trying to disband an angry mob of protesters. Based on what your text states about deindividuation, which of the following would be the best strategy to use? a. Announce over a loudspeaker that the crowd must remain calm. b. Fire tear gas into the crowd first. c. Using a loudspeaker, address several questions to a specific individual in the crowd. d. Threaten the crowd with arrest.

Answer 47

c

Question 48

Members of the military may need to engage in behaviors, such as killing or wounding the enemy, which may go against personal moral standards such as “Thou shalt not kill.” To get people to adhere to group rather than individual standards, the military acts to increase soldiers’ sense of ________ when they are on the battlefield. a. cognitive dissonance b. self-awareness c. emotional arousal d. deindividuation

Answer 48

d

Question 49

Is it true that deindividuation always leads people to act negatively or violently? a. Yes, look at evidence of massacres and lynch mobs. b. No, people tend to follow the group norm, which is not always destructive. c. Yes, because people are inherently aggressive, as proven by Milgram’s studies. d. No, but only for people who have resistant personalities.

Answer 49

b

Question 50

Normally, Maureen is a light eater and very health conscious. However, at a family gathering, she is around many people who all eat several helpings of rich foods. Based on what the text says about deindividuation, Maureen is most likely to a. eat very little in front of others. b. convince others that they are eating unhealthily. c. eat more than she normally would. d. leave, because she is so different than the others.

Answer 50

c

Question 51

Based on work on deindividuation, in which context is Janine most likely to make offensive comments towards Harry, with whom she is angry? a. when she is in front of her supervisor and face to face with Harry b. when she is writing a signed email to Harry c. when she is on an Internet chatroom anonymously d. when she is being interviewed on camera by her therapist

Answer 51

c

Question 52

Why is it important to study how effectively groups make decisions? a. to keep social psychologists employed b. because many important decisions are made by groups such as juries c. because many people wrongly assume that individuals are better at decision-making d. to understand how individuals can improve to make decisions as well as groups do

Answer 52

b

Question 53

Process loss can best be defined as a. the poor decisions groups make when they become more concerned with cohesion than their task. b. the poor performance of group members when they feel anonymous. c. any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving. d. an increase of cohesion resulting in a decrease in performance.

Answer 53

c

Question 54

Which of the following situations best illustrates process loss? a. social loafing b. transactive memory c. the prisoner’s dilemma d. contingent leadership

Answer 54

a

Question 55

Recall that in one condition of the experiment conducted by Stasser and Titus (1985) about Student Senate president candidates, all group members had access to the same information, and that in another condition, members had unique information that other group members didn’t know. In the second (unshared information) condition, the group made a worse decision than in the first (shared information) condition. This occurred because groups a. focus discussion on the information that all members know. b. often ignore dissenting opinions. c. seldom can agree on who is most expert. d. avoid differences of opinion, given conformity pressures.

Answer 55

a

Question 56

Members of a twelve-person jury all took slightly different notes of the testimony they heard. When they get together, everyone has written information about the physical description of the assailant, one wrote down the defendant’s alibi, three people wrote details of the crime, and four other people wrote information about the credibility of the eyewitnesses. Based on how groups tend to share information (as presented in your text), which piece of information will the jury be most likely to spend the most time discussing? a. the physical description of the assailant b. the defendant’s alibi c. the details of the crime d. the credibility of the eyewitnesses

Answer 56

a

Question 57

Group decision-making can be improved and the problems of process loss avoided if groups make sure to do all of the following EXCEPT a. make individual members explicitly responsible for different types of information. b. focus on seeking consensus between group members. c. learn who is responsible for which information. d. take sufficient time for discussing and working on the problem.

Answer 57

b

Question 58

In their marriage, Marta is responsible for remembering family birthdays and when the bills are due, while Dave is responsible for making sure that the kids get to their sports team practices on time. The name for this particular type of sharing of responsibility is a. turn-taking. b. gender roles. c. transactive memory. d. systematic regulation.

Answer 58

c

Question 59

In describing his experiences during the decision making process that preceded the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy’s adviser, Arthur Schlesinger, reported that although he was opposed to the invasion, he didn’t speak out because “others would regard it as presumptuous of him, a college professor, to take issue with august heads of government institutions.” This example best reflects ________ as a symptom of groupthink. a. group members’ sense of invulnerability b. decisive leaders’ refusal to solicit other points of view c. self-censorship in the interest of avoiding criticism d. the isolation of groups

Answer 59

c

Question 60

Which of the following statements is false? a. Groupthink occurs more often when a group is isolated from outside opinions. b. A strong directive leader who makes his or her opinions known protects the group from groupthink. c. Groups that are highly cohesive and believe they are invulnerable and morally correct are likely to fall prey to groupthink. d. Normative influence is more important than informational influence in creating groupthink.

Answer 60

b

Question 61

When groupthink occurs, there is extreme pressure to conform to the cohesive group; thus, people who may privately hold dissenting views tend to keep quiet, creating the a. mindguard. b. illusion of unanimity. c. illusion of invulnerability. d. transactive memory.

Answer 61

b

Question 62

When a member of Kennedy’s cabinet expressed concern over the plan to invade Cuba, the attorney general (and Kennedy’s brother) pulled the dissenter aside and told him to support Kennedy’s decision. In this case, the attorney general was acting as a a. politician. b. Machiavellian. c. transactive leader. d. mindguard.

Answer 62

d

Question 63

Jan is the leader of a cohesive “knowledge masters” group that is preparing to compete against teams from other colleges. To prevent groupthink and ensure that her group is successful, she should a. assess group members’ opinions frequently using show of hand voting. b. create a unified, cohesive membership to devise strategies together. c. invite experts who are not members of the group to attend practice sessions and provide critical feedback. d. take the group to a cabin in the mountains so that they are not distracted by other things.

Answer 63

c

Question 64

Compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are a. riskier. b. more conservative. c. more extreme. d. less stable.

Answer 64

c

Question 65

Members of the school board were tentatively considering a proposal to institute the wearing of uniforms in the elementary and middle school grades. After their last meeting, they are now strongly in favor of the proposal. This illustrates the phenomenon known as a. groupthink. b. group polarization. c. deindividuation. d. social facilitation.

Answer 65

b

Question 66

Two different interpretations have been proposed to explain group polarization. The persuasive arguments interpretation is to ________ as the social comparison interpretation is to ________. a. risky shift; conservative shift b. informational social influence; normative social influence c. task-oriented leader; relationship-oriented leader d. groupthink; adaptive decision-making

Answer 66

b

Question 67

Shelley was initially moderately in favor of a proposal to build a city bike path. At a meeting, she learns that not only will the path provide recreational opportunities and allow for some decrease in traffic, but that in towns with paths, the crime rate tends to go down and businesses along the path do better. She is now strongly in favor of the proposal. The theory that best explains her change of opinion is the ________ theory. a. persuasive arguments b. social comparison c. culture-value d. groupthink

Answer 67

a

Question 68

According to a social comparison interpretation, group polarization tends to occur because individuals can present themselves in a more ________ light by taking slightly more ________ positions than the norm of the group. a. positive; extreme b. positive; cautious c. negative; risky d. positive; conservative

Answer 68

a

Question 69

There are two possible explanations for group polarization—persuasive arguments and social comparison. According to research, which is the most correct? a. persuasive arguments b. social comparison c. Both have research support. d. Neither have research support.

Answer 69

c

Question 70

“Who would make a great president? Someone who is uncompromisingly true to her (or his) values, assertive, intelligent, articulate, courageous, and passionate, that’s who.” The previous quote reflects the application of the ________ theory of leadership. a. contingency b. democratic c. culture-value d. great person

Answer 70

d

Question 71

Studies examining the relationship between leadership effectiveness and personality find that a. a few characteristics, such as desire for power and charisma, are strongly associated with effectiveness. b. size of family and number of books published were not correlated with effectiveness, but personality traits were significantly correlated with effectiveness. c. size of family and height were correlated with effectiveness, but personality traits were not. d. only intelligence is associated with effectiveness.

Answer 71

c

Question 72

________ leaders set clear, short-term goals and reward followers who meet them; ________ leaders inspire followers to focus on common long-term goals. a. Transactional; communal b. Task-oriented; relationship-oriented c. Transactional; transformational d. Transformational; relational

Answer 72

c

Question 73

140. Ted is a manager who effectively motivates his employees to complete their short-term projects in a timely manner without sacrificing quality. Ted always rewards the employees who meet these goals. Ted has a ________ leadership style. a. paternalistic b. transactional c. relationship-oriented d. transformational

Answer 73

b

Question 74

The leader who would be most effective is one who uses a. a transactional leadership style. b. a transformational leadership style. c. both transactional and transformational leadership styles depending on the situation. d. a task-oriented or relationship-oriented leadership style, depending on the gender of the employee.

Answer 74

c

Question 75

The contingency theory of leadership assumed that there are two kinds of leaders: ________ and ________ leaders. a. future-oriented; present-oriented b. orthodox; unorthodox c. task-oriented; relationship-oriented d. democratic-oriented; autocratic-oriented

Answer 75

c

Question 76

146. According to the contingency theory of leadership, in ________ situations, the leader has poor relationships with subordinates, and directs tasks that are not clearly defined. a. contingent b. low-control c. high-control d. despotic

Answer 76

b

Question 77

148. A(n) ________ leader is more concerned with getting the job done than with the feelings of, and relationships between, workers. a. goal-oriented b. task-oriented c. control-oriented d. autonomous

Answer 77

b

Question 78

The president of the Noodle Dome Charitable Trust has just resigned in disgrace, leaving the workings of the organization pretty much on track, but also leaving a large number of employees angry and upset. Bolstered by his previous successes in turning things around, Fred has stepped in to fill the president’s role. Fred should adopt a(n) ________ of leadership in this case. a. authoritative style b. relationship-oriented style c. disjunctive-oriented style d. task-oriented style

Answer 78

b

Question 79

The contingency theory of leadership posits that “moderate-control” situations call for a relationship-oriented leader. By this, he means that a relationship-oriented leader is needed when a. interpersonal friction threatens productivity. b. confusion and chaos halt productivity. c. workers have moderate control over conditions of employment. d. poor working conditions cause low staff morale.

Answer 79

a

Question 80

James manages a team of employees for a company that is highly organized, well controlled, and high in employee satisfaction. In this situation, there is a greater need for a ________ leader than a ________ leader. a. task-oriented; relationship-oriented b. relationship-oriented; task-oriented c. feminine; masculine d. masculine; task-oriented

Answer 80

a

Question 81

Dr. Garrett is Chris’s supervisor at work. If Dr. Garrett acts communally, as women are supposed to act in the workplace, she will be evaluated ________. If Dr. Garrett acts agentically, as leaders are supposed to act in the workplace, she will be evaluated ________. a. negatively; positively b. positively; negatively c. positively; positively d. negatively; negatively

Answer 81

d

Question 82

The agentic leadership style is most like which of the following? a. task-oriented leadership style b. communal leadership style c. relationship-oriented leadership style d. transformational leadership style

Answer 82

a

Question 83

Assume that Pat has been appointed the team leader on a new software development project. If Pat is a(n) ________ and uses a(n) ________ leadership style, Pat is likely to be evaluated negatively. a. man; communal b. woman; agentic c. autocratic leader; interpersonal d. interpersonal leader; masculine

Answer 83

b

Question 84

When women are chosen for leadership positions over units or departments in crisis, this is a. breaking the glass cliff, because women are now in leadership positions. b. referred to as the glass cliff, because the chance of any leader failing in such a position is higher. c. breaking the glass ceiling, because the chance of any leader failing in such a position is lower. d. referred to as the glass ceiling, because men are denied leadership positions.

Answer 84

b

Question 85

An ambitious study of leadership in 62 countries determined that a. the best leaders in any culture are agentic leaders. b. different traits for leaders are preferred in different cultures. c. Latin American and Eastern European cultures preferred the same types of leaders. d. the best leaders are autonomous leaders.

Answer 85

b

Question 86

A social dilemma is defined as a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will ________ if ________. a. have harmful effects on everyone; chosen by a few b. have harmful effects on everyone; chosen by most people c. benefit the person substantially; he or she betrays moral standards d. actually harm that individual; he or she is the only one to chose

Answer 86

b

Question 87

169. The “prisoner’s dilemma” game is an excellent vehicle for studying social conflicts in the laboratory because a. the rules of the game pit self-interest against looking out for someone else’s interest. b. researchers control the strategies participants use. c. there is one and only one right answer to the problem. d. there are clear winners and clear losers, and thus reliable dependent variable measures.

Answer 87

a

Question 88

Under certain conditions, people will choose the cooperative option when playing the “prisoner’s dilemma” game. For example, when a player ________, that player will be more likely to play cooperatively. a. expects to interact with his or her partner in the future b. resolves the public good dilemma c. punishes his or her partner after a competitive response d. begins competitively and switches to cooperative responses

Answer 88

a

Question 89

Experimental research on social conflicts has shown that the greatest amount of cooperation occurs when a. participants use a “tit-for-tat” strategy. b. one participant of a pair can use threats to reduce the conflict. c. both participants of a pair can use threats to reduce the conflict. d. one participant consistently chooses the “cooperate” strategy.

Answer 89

a

Question 90

Recall that the “trucking” game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1960, 1962) puts participants in a conflict situation. Each participant wants to get his or her truck to the destination as quickly as possible. Deutsch and Krauss introduced a novel twist; they sometimes gave one participant a gate with which to threaten an opponent; other times, they gave both participants such a gate, and still other times, neither participant had a gate with which to threaten his or her opponent. What happened? a. When only one participant wielded a threat (used the gate to block the opponent), the person with the gate won more money. b. When both participants wielded threats (used gates to block their opponents), they negotiated and reached a cooperative arrangement. c. When both participants could wield threats, both sides lost money. d. When only one participant could wield a threat, only the one without a gate lost money.

Answer 90

c

Question 91

Deutsch and Krauss (1960, 1962) found that cooperation between adversaries is most likely to occur when a. neither side is able to make a threat. b. only one side has the power to make threats. c. both sides are able to make threats. d. communication is required.

Answer 91

a

Question 92

Why did allowing (and even requiring) participants to communicate when they played the “trucking” game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1962) fail to engender trust and cooperation? Participants a. were not allowed to bargain or negotiate in their communications. b. used communication primarily as means of threatening their opponents. c. became so caught up in the competitive game that they forgot to communicate with their opponents. d. could never figure out how to use the intercom.

Answer 92

b

Question 93

Norm and Vera are feuding over where to go out to dinner. Norm wants to go to Denny’s for the Grand Slam, but Vera wants to go to Sizzler for the all-you-can-eat salad bar. Finally, exchanging a series of proposals and counterproposals, they settle on a new diner in town that has both cheap food and a salad bar. This situation is an example of a. a public goods dilemma. b. an integrative solution. c. a commons dilemma. d. process loss.

Answer 93

b

Question 94

Integrative solutions are a. common to zero-sum conflicts. b. frequently imposed by mediators. c. generally resisted by both parties. d. a means to find outcomes favorable to both parties.

Answer 94

d

Question 95

Integrative solutions to conflict are most likely to be reached when a. adversaries compromise on all issues brought to the bargaining table. b. arbitrators are used to facilitate communication. c. communication between adversaries is limited to mediators. d. adversaries understand their opponents’ priorities.

Answer 95

d

Question 96

At first blush, it would appear that integrative solutions (in which each side in a conflict agrees to cede something to the other) would be relatively easy to achieve. However, these kinds of solutions are difficult to achieve because a. when involved parties negotiate, they often wield threats. b. involved parties are bad at discovering their adversaries’ true interests, and therefore mistrust them. c. adversaries would rather experience a stalemate than cede a point to their opponents. d. seldom does one adversary want what the other adversary offers to give up.

Answer 96

b

Question 97

Kay and April are breaking up after 15 years together, two houses, and two children. They have fought so long and so hard that they can no longer trust one another and have very biased views of the other’s behavior. Based on what you learned in this chapter, what would you suggest that they do? a. Continue talking with one another until they sort things out. b. Find a neutral negotiator who can help solve the dispute. c. Sit in two different rooms and only communicate via written messages. d. Get their children to make the decisions.

Answer 97

b