Chap 11 f4

Question 1

Meaning of pathogen

Answer 1

Microorganism that causes disease

Question 2

Meaning of antigens

Answer 2

1. foreign particles that enter the body

2. stimulate the immune system(stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibody)

Question 3

Meaning of antibody

Answer 3

1. protein found on the lymphocyte body/

2. protein released by lymphocytes into blood plasma

Question 4

Meaning of immunity

Answer 4

body ability of fight against infections caused by pathogens

Question 5

Meaning of immunisation

Answer 5

process of acquiring of immunity to a disease by artificial means

Question 6

What is the first line of defence(5)

Answer 6

1. skin
2. lysozyme
3. mucous membrane
4. mechanism of blood clotting
5. hcl

Question 7

Explain how skin acts as a defence (5)

Answer 7

1.physical defence that prevents the entry of pathogen

because it is tough and difficult for micro to penetrate

Question 8

Explain how lysozyme acts as a defence

Answer 8

it is found in tears , nasal mucus,saliva

-dissolve and destroy some types of bacteria

Question 9

Explain how mucous membrane acts as a defence

Answer 9

-lines respiratory tract with sticky fluid called the mucus

Question 10

Explain how blood clotting acts as a defence

Answer 10

-prevent bacteria from entering through wounds

Question 11

Explain how hcl acts as a defence

Answer 11

-hcl in stomach destroys the bacteria present on food and drinks

Question 12

What is the second line of defence (3)

Answer 12

1. fever
2. phagocytosis
3. inflammation

Question 13

Explain how fever acts as a defence (1)

Answer 13

-increases phagocytic activity

Question 14

What is the meaning of phagocyte

Answer 14

leucocyte that can carry out phagocytosis

Question 15

What are the stages of phagocytosis

Answer 15

5 stages

Question 16

What is inflammation

Answer 16

Is the immediate response that destroys and neutralises harmful actions of microorganisms and toxins at an early stage of infection

Question 17

Stages of inflammatory responses (7)

Answer 17

pg 3

Question 18

What is the third line of defense

Answer 18

immune responses of lymphocytes

Question 19

Explain third line of defense

Answer 19

hi

Question 20

function of t lymphocyte

Answer 20

attack cells infected by pathogens

stimulate b lymphocytes

Question 21

function of b lymphocytes

Answer 21

produce memory cells

Question 22

Actions of antibodies (5)

Answer 22

4

Question 23

Explain agglutination

Answer 23

agglutinin -antibodies-coagulate pathogen
easy target
trapped and destroyed by phagocytes

Question 24

Explain neutralisation

Answer 24

antibodies bind with toxins -released by toxins produce

Question 25

Explain opsonisation

Answer 25

antibodies that act as a marker for phagocytes to recognise the antigens and destroy them

Question 26

Explain precipitation

Answer 26

4

Question 27

Explain lysis

Answer 27

4

Question 28

Explain vaccine

Answer 28

5

Question 29

Explain antiserum

Answer 29

5