CHAP 12-14

Question 1

What is the study of the occurrence, determinants, and distribution of health and disease within health care settings?

Answer 1

Health care epidemiology

Question 2

Approximately what percent of HAIs involve drug-resistant bacteria?

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

The five most common types of HAIs, in what order of frequency are these?

1. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
3. Surgical site infections (also referred to as postsurgical wound infections)
4. Lower respiratory tract infections (primarily pneumonia)
5. Bloodstream infections (septicemia)

Answer 3

Descending

Question 4

The most important and most basic technique in preventing and controlling infections and preventing the transmission of pathogens is?

Answer 4

Handwashing

Question 5

What is the numerous measures taken to prevent infections from occurring in health care settings?

Answer 5

Infection control

Question 6

means “without infection”

Answer 6

Asepsis

Question 7

What are the 2 types of asepsis?

Answer 7

-Medical
-Surgical

Question 8

TRUE/FALSE

Surgical asepsis is a clean technique, whereas medical asepsis is a sterile technique.

Answer 8

FALSE
(Medical = clean)
(Surgical = sterile)

Question 9

What are to be applied to the care of ALL patients in ALL health care settings, regardless of the suspected or confirmed presence of an infectious agent?

Answer 9

Standard Precautions

Question 10

What are the three types of Transmission-Based Precautions?

Answer 10

• Contact Precautions
• Droplet Precautions
  -Airborne Precautions

Question 11

What can be removed from precautions once asymptomatic for
two days?

Answer 11

Norovirus

Question 12

What are nonliving, inanimate objects, other than food, that may harbor and transmit microbes?

Answer 12

Fomites

Question 13

What standard should be followed for disposal of medical wastes?

Answer 13

OSHA standards

Question 14

Who is usually an infection control professional such as an epidemiologist or infectious disease specialist, an infection control nurse, or a microbiologist?

Answer 14

chairperson

Question 15

Specimens collected from patients, such as blood, urine, feces, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), are known as?

Answer 15

Clinical specimens

Question 16

What are the three components of specimen quality?

Answer 16

• Proper specimen selection
• Proper specimen collection
• Proper transport

Question 17

What stage of the disease is the most appropriate time to collect a specimen?

Answer 17

Acute stage

Question 19

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream is known as?

Answer 19

Bacteremia

Question 20

It is a serious disease characterized by chills, fever, prostration, and the presence of bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream.

Answer 20

Septicemia

Question 21

What is normally sterile in the bladder, but becomes contaminated by indigenous microbiota of the distal urethra during voiding?

Answer 21

Urine

Question 22

What is a way of estimating the number of viable bacteria that are present in a urine specimen?

Answer 22

Colony count

Question 23

What is used to inoculate the entire surface of a blood agar plate?

Answer 23

calibrated loop,
(either 0.01 or 0.001 mL)

Question 24

What is the inflammation or infection of the membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 24

Meningitis

Question 25

What is the inflammation or infection of the brain?

Answer 25

Encephalitis

Question 26

What is the inflammation or infection of both the brain and the meninges?

Answer 26

Meningoencephalitis

Question 27

What is collected by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) into a sterile tube; this is a surgically aseptic procedure performed by a physician?

Answer 27

CSF

Question 28

It is a pus that **accumulates deep within the lungs of a patient** with pneumonia, tuberculosis, or other lower respiratory tract infection

Answer 28

Sputum

Question 29

Specimens labeled “sputum” are actually just what?

Answer 29

Saliva

Question 30

The pathology department is divided into two major divisions which are?

Answer 30

– Anatomical Pathology – Clinical Pathology

Question 31

Diseased organs,stained tissue sections,and cytology specimens are examined here

Answer 31

Anatomical Pathology

Question 32

Gene mutations associated with birth defects and cancer are often identified by sequencing or molecular probe techniques. These laboratories are most often in what department?

Answer 32

Pathology Department

Question 33

Personnel include pathologists, chemists and microbiologists, medical laboratory scientists (also known as medical technologists—MTs), and medical laboratory technicians (MLTs).

Answer 33

Clinical Pathology

Question 34

TRUE/FALSE The primary mission of the CML is to assist clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

What prefix refers to disease?

Answer 35

“Path”

Question 36

It means the ability to cause disease

Answer 36

Pathogenicity

Question 37

What refers to the steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease?

Answer 37

Pathogenesis

Question 38

It is a disease caused by a microbe, and the microbes that cause infectious diseases are collectively referred to as pathogens

Answer 38

Infectious disease

Question 39

It is commonly used as a synonym for infectious disease

Answer 39

Infection

Question 40

What term is sometimes used as a synonym for pathogenic?

Answer 40

virulent

Question 41

What is sometimes used to express the measure or degree of pathogenicity?

Answer 41

Virulence

Question 42

What are considered to be virulence factors because they enable pathogens to recognize and bind to particular host cell receptors?

Answer 42

Adhesins

Question 43

What are considered to be virulence factors because they enable bacteria to attach to surfaces, such as tissues within the human body?

Answer 43

Pili

Question 44

What are poisonous substances released by various pathogens?

Answer 44

Toxins