CHAP 3 & 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 categories of cells?
A
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
2
Q
What contains a “true” nucleus that consists of nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and a nuclear membrane?
A
Eukaryotic cells
3
Q
Possess a complex system of membranes and membrane-bound organelles
A
Eukaryotic cells
4
Q
What is the “command center” of the cell
A
Eucaryotic Nucleus
5
Q
What are the 3 components of eucaryotic nucleus?
A
- Nucleoplasm
- Chromosomes
- Nuclear Membrane
6
Q
True or False:
Chromosomes are embedded in the nucleoplasm
A
True
7
Q
What are the 2 types of ribonucleic acid?
A
- Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
- Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)
8
Q
Human diploid cells have how many chromosomes?
A
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
9
Q
- A semi-fluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix
- Contains storage granules and a variety of organelles
- Where most metabolic reactions occur
A
Cytoplasm
10
Q
A highly convoluted system of membranes arranged to form a transport network in the cytoplasm.
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
11
Q
Endoplasmic system where secretory proteins and membranes are manufactured because of the Ribosomes attached to it
A
Rough ER (RER)
12
Q
Membranous tubules and sacs important in lipids synthesis, detoxification and calcium storage
A
Smooth ER
13
Q
- Consists of ribosomal RNA and protein
- The sites of protein synthesis
- The most numerous organelles in the cell
A
Robosomes
14
Q
- Connects or communicates the ER
- Completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins and packages them for storage or export (“packaging plants”)
A
Golgi complex
15
Q
- Originate in the Golgi complex
- Contains catalase enzyme
A
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
16
Q
Contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes
A
Lysosomes
17
Q
Are membrane-bound vesicles where H2o2 is generated and broken down
A
Peroxisomes
18
Q
- “Powerhouse” of the cell
- ATP molecules are produced within here by cellular respiration
A
Mitochondria
19
Q
- They are sites of photosynthesis
- Membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments
A
Plastids
20
Q
- A system of fibers throughout the cytoplasm
A
Cytoskeleton
21
Q
What are the 3 types of fibers in the cytoskeleton?
A
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
22
Q
An external structure to provide shape, protection, and rigidity
A
Cell wall
23
Q
What do you find in cell walls of fungi?
A
Chitin
24
Q
What do you find in cell walls of algae and plants?
A
Cellulose
25
**Two cylindrical organelles** near the nucleus responsible for the formation of spindle fibers for eucaryotic cell division
Centrioles
26
True or False:
Flagellated cells may possess one or more flagella.
True
27
What do you call the long, thin, whiplike organelles of locomotion?
Flagella
28
True or False:
Prokaryotic cells are about **5 times** smaller than eukaryotic cells.
False (10 times)
29
How does prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Binary fission
30
True or False:
All bacteria are prokaryotes, as are archaea.
True
31
- **Selectively permeable**
- Many enzymes are attached here and **metabolic reactions take place here**
Cell Membrane
32
Usually consists of a **single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule**
Chromosome
33
Semi-liquid that consists of water, enzymes, waste products, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids which are materials required for metabolic functions.
Cytoplasm
34
- Most are ribosomes, which occur in clusters
- Eukaryotic ribosomes, but their function is the same- they are the **sites of protein synthesis**
Cytoplasmic particles
35
A rigid exterior that defines the shape of bacteria cells
Bacterial Cell Wall
36
What is the **main constituent of most bacterial cell walls** that is **only found in bacteria**?
Peptidoglycan
37
What are the layers of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
- Gram negative is thinner
- Gram positive is thicker
38
A slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall
Glycocalyx
39
What are the 2 types of glycocalyx?
- Slime layer
- Capsule
40
**Whiplike appendages** composed of threads of protein called **flagellin**
Flagella
41
What do you call flagella over entire surface
Peritrichous bacteria
42
Flagella at one end
Lophotrichous bacteria
43
Flagella at both ends
Amphitrichous bacteria
44
Single polar flagellum
Monotrichous bacteria
45
**Hair-like structures**, thinner than flagella most often observed on Gram-negative bacteria
Pili
46
True or False:
Animals do not have a cell wall, plant cells have a cell wall
True
47
Is the science of classification of living organisms
Taxonomy
48
What is "KDCOFGS"
- Kingdom
- Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
49
What are the 5- kingdom system of Classification:
1. Bacteria and archaea
2. Algae and protozoa
3. Fungi
4. Plants
5. Animals
1. Bacteria and archaea- Kingdom Prokaryote
2. Algae and protozoa- Kingdom Protista
3. Fungi- Kingdom Fungi
4. Plants-Kingdom Plantae
5. Animals- Kingdom Animalia
50
What are the Three-Domain System of Classification?
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eucarya
51
What is the most widely used technique for **gauging diversity or "relatedness" of organisms** is?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing
52
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits which are?
- Small subunit
- Large subunit
53
What rRNA gene is in prokaryotes?
**16S** rRNA gene in prokaryotes
54
What rRNA gene is in eukaryotes?
**18S** rRNA gene in eukaryotes
55
What are often referred to as acellular microbes or infectious particles? (3)
- Viruses
- Viroids
- Prions
56
What do you call **complete virus particles**?
Virions
57
What virus cause specific types of cancer?
Oncogenic viruses/ Oncovirus
58
What do you call the protein coat which is composed of protein units called **capsomeres**?
Capsid
59
True or False:
Viruses possess both DNA and RNA?
False (Either DNA or RNA, not both)
60
Can viruses replicate on their own?
No
61
What are viruses that infect bacteria?
Bacteriophages
62
What are the 2 categories of bacteriophages?
- Virulent bacteriophages
- Temperate bacteriophages
63
What bacteriophages always **cause lytic cycle**, which ends with the destruction of the bacterial cell?
Virulent bacteriophages
64
What are the 5 steps in the lytic cycle?
- Attachment
- Penetration
- Biosynthesis
- Assembly
- Release
65
Are **short, naked fragments of single-stranded RNA** which can interfere with the metabolism of plant cells
Viroids
66
Are **small infectious proteins** that **cause fatal neurologic diseases in animals**
Prions
67
Bacteria are divided into 3 major phenotypic categories which are?
- Gram negative
- Gram Positive
- Those that lack a cell wall
67
What are the 3 basic categories of bacteria based on the shape:
1. Cocci
2. Bacilli
3.Curved and spiral
1. Cocci (round bacteria)
2. Bacilli (Rod- shaped bacteria)
3. Curved and Spiral-shaped bacteria
67
Often referred to as **rods**; may be short or longer
Bacilli
68
What do you call a bacteria if it is able to swim or move?
Motile
68
- What is the **smallest of the cellular microbes** because they have no cell wall like penicillin
-They produce "fried egg" colonies on artificial media
Mycoplasmas
69
What do you call bacteria that are **neither consistently purple nor pink** after Gram staining
Gram-variable bacteria
70
It is the **red dye** that is driven through the bacterial cell wall
Carbol fuchsin
71
It is the appearance of the colony that varies from one species to another
Colony morphology
72
True or False:
Bacteria can be classified on the basis of their atmospheric requirements, including their relationship to O2 and CO2
True
73
True or False:
Organisms with especially demanding nutritional requirements are said to be fastidious ("fussy").
True
74
What has "leaky membranes"
Rickettsias
75
What do you call it if they **must live within a host cell** and **cannot grow in artificial culture media**?
Obligate intracellular pathogens
76
What do you call **"energy parasites"**?
Chlamydias
77
- Genus of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites
- Cause infections that are the **most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in humans** and are leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide
Chlamydia
78
What do you call it when it lacks a cell wall and therefore **assume many shapes**?
Pleomorphic
79
What bacteria include purple bacteria, green bacteria, and cyanobacteria where they all use light as an energy source, but not in the same way?
Photosynthetic Bacteria
80
What bacteria do not produce oxygen?
Purple and Green Bacteria
81
Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is called?
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
82
- Can be **found in almost any conceivable environment**, from oceans to freshwater to bare rock to soil
- **Can occur as planktonic cells** or form phototrophic biofilms in freshwater and marine environments
Cyanobacteria
83
- Possess cell walls but their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
- Are **more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to bacteria**
Archaea
