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Human Gen > Chap 19 > Flashcards

Chap 19 Flashcards

Genetics of Immunity (50 cards)

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1
Q

Three Levels of Immune Protection

A

-The skin and its associated organisms (mucus, lysozyme)
- Innate immune system (nonspecific, imflammation)
- Adaptive immune system (specific, T cell, B cell)

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2
Q

Influenza Virus

A

(-) sRNA
- 3 Type A, B, C
- Hemagglutinin (HA)
- Neuraminidase (NA)
- Receptor: sialic acid
- Antigenic shift─ large scale changes
- Antigenic drift ─ small scale changes

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3
Q

SARS-CoV-2 Virus

A

(+) sRNA
- Receptor: ACE2
- Six coronaviruses known to cause colds

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4
Q

HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
Chromosome?
Class?

A

-MHC in humans
-Antigen presentation in humans
-Set 9 genes in chromosome 6
-Class I: Found on all cell type, CD8+
-Class II: Found on APC, CD4+

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5
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) Definition
Type?

A

-Cells that bind antigens with HLA glycoproteins
- Types:
* Macrophages
* B cells (or B Lymphocytes)
* Dendritic cells

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6
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells
Function

A
  1. Phagocytosis of the microbial invader.
  2. Antigens from the dismantled invader are attached to
    MHC self proteins.
  3. MHC proteins and their attached antigens are displayed
    on macrophage surface. (ER -> golgi -> surface)
  4. Helper T cells recognize antigens and MHC proteins and
    bind to the macrophage, initiating a series of immune
    events
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7
Q

Lymph

A

-The fluid filling the lymph ducts
- Carries macrophages and B and T lymphocytes

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8
Q

Organs involved in production or maturation of immune cells

A
  • Spleen and thymus
  • Bone marrow
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9
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf bacteria and stimulate helper T cells to proliferate and activate B cells

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10
Q

Bone Marrow

A

T cells, B cells, and macrophages originate in the bone marrow and migrate in the blood

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11
Q

T cells

A

Mature in the thymus gland, in the small intestine,
and the skin

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12
Q

B cells

A

Are released from the lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and secrete antibodies.

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13
Q

Physical Barriers

A

First line of Defense, nonspecific
Ex: Skin, Mucus membrane

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14
Q

Innate Immune Response

A
  • Activated by toll-like receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells
  • Cytokines
  • Collectins
  • The complement system
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15
Q

Inflammation

A
  • Innate immune
    response
  • Phagocytosis
  • Increase blood flow, swollen, red
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16
Q

Complement

A

Puncture bacteria, dismantle viruses, activate
mast cells to release histamine, attract
phagocytes

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17
Q

Collectins

A

Recognize how surfaces of bacteria, yeasts, and
some viruses differ from the surfaces of human
cells

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18
Q

Interferons

A

Antiviral, block replication, attack cell

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19
Q

Interleukins

A

Fever, control lymphocyte differentiation and growth

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20
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

-Requires stimulation
-Diversity
-Specificity
-Memory

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21
Q

Humoral immune response

Study These Flashcards
A

-B cells produce antibodies
in response to activation by Helper T cells
-Plasma cells: secrete antibodies
-Memory cells: wait for second exposure.

22
Q

Cellular immune response

Study These Flashcards
A

T cells produce cytokines
and activate other cells.

23
Q

Antibody Structure

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A
  • Two long heavy chains
  • Two shorter light chains
  • Constant region
  • Variable region
  • Antigen binding site
24
Q

Epitope

Study These Flashcards
A

Portion of the antigen contacting the antibody

25
Idiotypes
Sites in direct contact with antigen
26
Function of Antibodies
- Inactivate a pathogen or neutralize - Making pathogen visible - Activate complement system
27
Five antibodies
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
28
Type of T Cells
Helper T cells: CD4+ Cytoxic T cell: CD8+ Regulatory T cell: Suppress immune system
29
Helper T cells function
Recognize antigen and activate B cells Also activate Cytotoxic T cell and release cytokines
30
Cytotoxic T cell function
- Find to antigen - Release perforin to kill cells
31
Macrophage
- Present Antigens and perform phagocytosis - Release interleukin 1 to Helper T cell
32
Dendritic cell
- Also present antigens
33
Atypical immunity
- Maybe inherited or acquired - At least 20 types - EX: - SCID (lack B cells, T cells)
34
HIV
- Bind to CD4 and CCR5 coreceptors - Replicate and burst out of Helper T cell, killing it - No Helper T cell -> No B cell activation - Bind to chromosome
35
How HIV infects
- Bind receptor and enter cell - Reverse Transcriptase helps turn into viral DNA - Become a template - Integrate to genome ( chromosome) - Transcribe to mRNA then protein -> new viral
36
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Blocks copying of viral RNA into DNA
37
Protease inhibitor
Blocks shortening of certain viral proteins
38
32-base deletion of CCR5
resistant to HIV infection
39
Autoinflammatory diseases
overreaction of the innate immune response, cause excess inflammation.
40
Autoimmune diseases
- overreaction of the adaptive immune response, cause inflammation and abs attack cells - polygenic and multifactorial Ex: Lupus - 80% are females
41
Allergy
- Immune system response - Size of allergen determine type of response - Both humoral and cellualr take part in - Cause by binding of IgE -> release histamine - Histamine and other chemical cause inflammation
42
Rh Incompatibility
-No Rh antigen mother incompatible with Rh antigen father - First pregnancy: mild reaction to fetus - Second pregnancy: mother's antibodies, large damage to fetus - Solution: RhoGAM prevent formation of anti-rh antibodies
43
Altering Immunity
- Vaccine - Antibiotic drug from fungi and soil bacteria - Cytokines
44
Vaccination
An inactive, disabled or part of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to alert B cells to produce antibodies.
45
Type of Vac
- Live attenuated - Inactivated - Viral vector -Virus-like particle - DNA, mRNA
46
Herd immunity
Vaccinating enough people in a population stops the spread of infection as pathogens enter protected human bodies
47
Immunotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies: use to detect and target specific antigen
48
Vaccination Hesitancy
- Refuse to vaccine despite availability
49
Transplantation
* Autograft: From one person to self * Isograft: From identical twin (best) * Allograft: Members of same species * Xenograft: From another species - Must match HLA
50
Graft Rejection
Immune system reacts to grafted tissue recognized as foreign by trying to destroy it

Human Gen (10 decks)

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