Chap 20

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

-Disease that cells become able to divide abnormally
-Heterogeneous

Question 2

Tumor type

Answer 2

-Benign: No invade
-Malignant: Invade to nearby tissues
-Metastasis: Spreads to other parts of the body

Question 3

Carcinogens

Answer 3

• Substances that cause cancer

Question 4

Oncogene

Answer 4

• Cause cancer when overexpressed or constitutively activated
• Dominant

Question 5

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 5

• Cause cancer when they are deleted or inactivated
• Recessive

Question 6

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 6

• Genes that promote cell division
• Can become oncogene

Question 7

Cancer-Causing Viruses

Answer 7

• Viruses infect cell may insert DNA next to a proto-oncogene.
• Activating and amplifying oncogenes as well as inverting and
  translocating chromosomes.

Question 8

Cancer-Causing Viruses Type

Answer 8

• Epstein-Barr virus
• Hepatitis C
• Herpesvirus Kaposi’s sarcoma
• HIV
• HPV

Question 9

Retinoblastoma

Answer 9

• Childhood eye tumor
• Require 2 deletions (mutation)

Question 10

RB protein

Answer 10

Rb bind transcription factors to stop cell division

Question 11

p53

Answer 11

transcription factor that “determines” if a
cell repairs DNA replication errors or dies by apoptosis

Question 12

Germline mutations vs Cancer

Answer 12

• not usually inherited
• Susceptibility passed on to offspring.

Question 13

Somatic mutations vs Cancer

Answer 13

• 90% of cancers are sporadic.
• non-sex cell
• not passed on to offspring.

Question 14

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

Answer 14

• Looks different
• Different numbers/ types of antigens
• Transplantable
• Unusual cell growth

Question 15

Dedifferentiated

Answer 15

Less specialized than normal cell types

Question 16

Invasiveness

Answer 16

Have surface structures that enable them
to squeeze into any space

Question 17

Cancer stem cells

Answer 17

produce both cancer cells and abnormal specialized cells

Question 18

angiogenesis

Answer 18

Formation of new capillary extensions

Question 19

Metastasize

Answer 19

Move to new location in body

Question 20

Origins of cancer cell

Answer 20

• Activation of stem cells that produce cancer cells
• Dedifferentiation
• Increase in proportion of a tissue that consists of stem cells or progenitor cells
• Faulty tissue repair/ Uncontrolled tissue repair
• Cell lost specialization
• Loss of balance at the tissue level

Question 21

Cancer stem cells

Answer 21

Produce both cancer cells and abnormal
specialized cells

Question 22

Cancer Genomes

Answer 22

Nearly 300 somatic mutations and chromosome alterations

Question 23

Driver mutation

Answer 23

Actively cause cell growth, generate cancer

Question 24

Passenger mutation

Answer 24

Does not cause cell growth, just happen alongside with driver mutation.

Question 25

Three Strike of cancer

Answer 25

- Breakthrough: First driver mutation begins by turning on oncogene/ turning off tumor supp - Expansion: Second driver mutation begins by dividing more frequently - Invasion: More mutations, grows and spreads

Question 26

2 form of Breast cancer

Answer 26

- Familial form: germline mutation (inherited) + somatic mutation - Sporadic form: 2 somatic mutation

Question 27

2 breast cancer gene

Answer 27

-BRCA1: encodes protein that control defense mechanism. -BRCA2: mutation increase the risk of cancer

Question 28

Liquid Biopsy

Answer 28

- Checking DNA pieces in the blood plasma for oncogene or tumor suppressor mutations - Cell-free tumor DNA

Question 29

Liquid Biopsy Advantage

Answer 29

- Asymptomatic tumors can be detected early - Monitor for tumor - Monitor treatment - Better specificity