Chap 19 - Oncology Review Sheets Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell type:
A
anaplasia
2
Q
extending beyond the normal tissue boundaries:
A
infiltrative
3
Q
having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue:
A
invasive
4
Q
spreading to a secondary site:
A
metastasis
5
Q
replication of cells; two identical cells are produced from a parent cell
A
mitosis
6
Q
change in the genetic material of a cell
A
mutation
7
Q
genetic material within the nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis
A
DNA
8
Q
cellular substance (ribonucleic acid) that is important in protein synthesis
A
RNA
9
Q
rays given off by the sun; can be carcinogenic
A
ultraviolet radiation
10
Q
energy carried by a stream of particles from a radioactive source; can be carcinogenic
A
ionizing radiation
11
Q
infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself
A
virus
12
Q
a region of genetic material found in tumor cells and in viruses that cause cancer
A
oncogene
13
Q
an agent (hydrocarbon, insecticide, hormone) that causes cancer
A
chemical carcinogen
14
Q
solid tumor
A
tumor composed of a mass of cells
15
Q
adenoma
A
tumor of glandular tissue (benign)
16
Q
adenocarcinoma
A
cancerous (malignant) tumor of glandular tissue
17
Q
osteoma
A
tumor of bone (benign)
18
Q
osteosarcoma
A
flesh (connective tissue) tumor of bone (malignant
19
Q
mixed-tissue tumor
A
tumor composed of different types of tissue (both epithelial and connective tissues)
20
Q
neoplasm
A
new formation (tumor)
21
Q
neurofibromatosis
A
benign tumors of supportive tissue (neurofibromatosis)
22
Q
benign
A
noncancerous
23
Q
differentiation
A
specialization of cells
24
Q
small nipple-like projections
A
papillary
25
abnormal formation of cells
dysplastic
26
localized growth of cells
carcinoma in situ
27
densely packed; containing fibrous tissue
scirrhous
28
pattern resembling small, microscopic sacs
alveolar
29
small round, gland-type clusters
follicular
30
variety of cell types
pleomorphic
31
lacking structures typical of mature cells
undifferentiated
32
spreading evenly throughout the tissue
diffuse
33
resembling epithelial cells
epidermoid
34
containing dead tissue
necrotic
35
mushrooming pattern of growth: tumor cells pile on top of each other
fungating
36
characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces
ulcerating
37
characterized by redness, swelling, and heat
inflammatory
38
growths are projections from a base; sessile and pedunculated tumors are examples
polypoid
39
tumors form large, open spaces filled with fluid; serous and mucinous tumors are examples
cystic
40
tumors resemble wart-like growths
verrucous
41
tumors are large, soft, and fleshy
medullary
42
A is a cancerous tumor composed of cells of epithelial tissue. An example of such a cancerous tumor is a/an:
carcinoma; thyroid adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
43
A is a cancerous tumor composed of connective tissue. An example of such a cancerous tumor is a/an:
sarcoma; liposarcoma,
chondrosarcoma, osteogenic
sarcoma
44
Retinoblastoma and adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome are examples of:
inherited cancers
45
The assessment of a tumor’s degree of maturity or microscopic differentiation is ________ of the tumor.
grading
46
The assessment of a tumor’s extent of spread within the body is known as:
staging
47
In the TNM staging system, T stands for _______, N stands for ________, and M stands
for ________
tumor; node; metastasis
48
The transformation of adult, differentiated tissue to differentiated tissue of another type is called:
metaplasia
49
The formation of new blood vessels is known as:
angiogenesis
50
fulguration
destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by
| a high-frequency current
51
en bloc resection
removal of entire tumor and regional lymph node
52
incisional biopsy
cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to
| establish a diagnosis
53
excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for
| diagnosis and possible cure of small tumors
54
cryosurgery
freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells
55
cauterization
burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells
56
exenteration
wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ
| of origin, and surrounding tissue in the body space
57
The method of treating cancer using high-energy radiation is
radiation therapy
58
If tumor tissue requires large doses of radiation to kill cells, it is a/an ______ tumor.
radioresistant
59
If radiation can cause loss of tumor cells without serious damage to surrounding regions, the tumor is
radiosensitive
60
A tumor that can be completely eradicated by RT is a/an _____ tumor.
radiocurable
61
The method of giving radiation in small, repeated doses is:
fractionation
62
Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays are:
radiosensitizers
63
Treatment of cancerous tumors with drugs is:
chemotherapy
64
Benign tumors of supportive cells in nervous system are:
neurofibromatosis
65
The use of two or more drugs to kill tumor cells is:
combination chemotherapy
66
A large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray or photon beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors is a/an:
linear accelerator
67
Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones, antibiotics, and antimitotics all are types of ______________ agents.
chemotherapeutic agents
68
Implantation of seeds of radioactive material directly into a tumor is
brachytherapy
69
The unit of absorbed radiation dose is:
gray
70
Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source is:
external beam radiation (teletherapy)
71
Technique in which subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point is:
proton therapy
72
The dimension of the area of the body that receives radiation is a/an:
field
73
Study performed before RT using CT or MRI to map treatment is:
simulation
74
Technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance to
destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors is:
stereotactic radiosurgery
75
Ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw:
oral mucositis
76
Radiation to the lungs causes inflammation of the lungs:
pneumonitis
77
Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer causes loss of hair on the head:
alopecia
78
Bone marrow destruction with leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia:
myelosuppression
79
Radiation to the lungs causes increase in connective tissue
fibrosis
80
Radiation of salivary glands causes dryness of the mouth:
xerostomia
81
Chemotherapy may cause this sensation leading to vomiting:
nausea
82
New type of growths arise at a site separate from the primary tumor:
secondary tumors
83
Inability to contribute to conception of a child:
infertility
84
modality
method of treatment
85
adjuvant therapy
assisting treatment
86
protocol
report or plan of steps taken in an experiment or disease case
87
remission
absence of all signs of disease
88
relapse
symptoms of disease return
89
morbidity
conditions of damage to normal tissue; disease
90
biological therapy
treatment that uses the body’s own defense mechanisms to fight tumor cells
91
biological response modifiers
substances produced by normal cells that directly block tumor growth or that stimulate the immune system
92
interferon
a biological response modifier that is made by lymphocytes
93
monoclonal antibodies
biological response modifiers that are made by mouse or human immune cells and are able to bind to tumor cells
94
apoptosis
programmed cell death
95
cachexia
malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation; usually associated with later stages of cancer
96
differentiating agents
drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate (mature), stop growing, and die
97
molecularly targeted drugs
anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells
98
nucleotide
unit of DNA composed of a sugar, phosphate, and base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine)
99
test for the presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (a marker for testicular cancer)
beta-HCG test
100
protein marker for ovarian cancer detected in the blood
CA-125
101
visual examination of the abdominal cavity; peritoneoscopy
laparoscopy
102
test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells
estrogen receptor assay
103
removal of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination
bone marrow biopsy
104
obtaining a plug of tissue for microscopic examination
core needle biopsy
105
blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer
PSA test
106
blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen (marker for GI cancer)
CEA test
107
cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined
exfoliative cytology
108
an intravenous infusion of blood-forming cells
stem cell transplant
109
aden/o
gland
110
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac; small sac
111
cac/o
bad
112
carcin/o
cancerous; cancer
113
cauter/o
heat; burn
114
chem/o
drug; chemical
115
cry/o
cold
116
fibr/o
fiber
117
follicul/o
follicle; small sac
118
fung/i
fungus; mushroom (lower organism lacking chlorophyll)
119
medull/o
medulla (inner section); middle; soft, marrow
120
mucos/o
mucous membrane (mucosa)
121
mut/a
genetic change
122
mutagen/o
causing genetic change
123
necr/o
death
124
neur/o
nerve
125
onc/o
tumor
126
papill/o
nipple-like; optic disc (disk)
127
pharmac/o
drug
128
plas/o
development; formation; growth
129
ple/o
more; many; varied
130
polyp/p
polyp; small growth
131
radi/o
x-rays; radioactivity; radius (lateral lower arm bone)
132
sarc/o
flesh (connective tissue)
133
scirrh/o
hard
134
xer/o
dry
135
-ary
pertaining to
136
-blastoma
immature tumor (cells)
137
-oid
resembling; originating from
138
-oma
tumor; mass; fluid collection
139
-plasia
development; formation; growth
140
-plasm
formation; structure
141
-ptosis
falling; drooping; prolapse
142
-stasis
stopping; controlling; placing
143
-stomia
condition of the mouth
144
-suppression
stopping
145
-therapy
treatment
146
-tion
process
147
ana-
up; apart; backward; again, anew
148
anti-
against
149
apo-
off, away
150
brachy-
short
151
dys-
bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
152
epi-
above; upon; on
153
hyper-
above; excessive
154
meta-
change; beyond
155
tele-
far
