Chap 19 - Oncology Textbook Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
Benign
A
- slow growing
- encapsulated and noninvasive
- well-differentiated
- do not spread
2
Q
Malignant
A
- rapidly multiplying
- invasive and infiltrative
- anaplastic and undifferentiated
- metastatic
3
Q
cystic
A
Forming large open spaces filled with fluid. (ovarian)
4
Q
fungating
A
Mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface. (colon)
5
Q
inflammatory
A
Having the features of inflammation—that is, redness, swelling, and heat. (breast)
6
Q
medullary
A
Large, soft, fleshy tumors. (thyroid and breast)
7
Q
necrotic
A
containing dead tissue; loss of blood supply
8
Q
polypoid
A
Growths that form projections extending outward from a base. (colon)
9
Q
ulcerating
A
Characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue. (stomach, breast, colon, skin)
10
Q
verruous
A
Resembling a wart-like growth. (gum)
11
Q
alveolar
A
Tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs (muscle, bone, fat, cartilage)
12
Q
carcinoma in situ
A
Referring to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures.
13
Q
diffuse
A
Spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue.
14
Q
dysplastic
A
Containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous.
15
Q
epidermoid
A
Resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate-like)
16
Q
follicular
A
Forming small glandular sacs.
17
Q
papillary
A
Forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells
18
Q
pleomorphic
A
Composed of a variety of types of cells.
19
Q
scirrhous
A
Densely packed (scirrhous means hard) tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue. (breast, stomach)
20
Q
undifferentiated
A
Lacking microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells.
21
Q
cauterization
A
burning tissue to destroy it
22
Q
core needle biopsy
A
small sample from center
23
Q
cryosurgery
A
freezing
24
Q
en bloc resection
A
resection of a large block of tumor and tissue (breast)
25
excisional biopsy
Removal and biopsy
26
exenteration
removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space.
27
fine needle aspiration
fluid removal from lesion
28
fulguration
Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current.
29
incisional biopsy
incision into a lesion or a specific part of a lesion
30
brachytherapy
Implantation of small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into the tumor (interstitial therapy); or in a cavity of the tumor (intracavitary therapy, as in endometrial cancer).
31
electron beams
Low-energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors.
32
external beam irradiation (teletherapy)
Radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source (linear accelerator).
33
fields
Dimensions of the size of radiation area used to treat a tumor from a specific angle.
34
fractionation
A method of dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer large doses. Fractionation allows larger total doses to be given while causing less damage to normal tissue.
35
gray (Gy)
Unit of absorbed radiation dose.
36
linear accelerator
increases the velocity of subatomic particles
37
photon therapy
smallest unit of radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays. A linear accelerator produces photon beams to treat tumors.
38
proton therapy
uses protons, less damaging to other tissues
39
radiocurable tumor
Tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy. Usually, this is a localized tumor with no evidence of metastasis.
Lymphomas, Hodgkin disease, and seminomas of the testes are examples
40
radioresistant tumor
Tumor that requires large doses of radiation to produce death of the cells.
Melanoma and renal carcinoma are the most radioresistant.
41
radiosensitive tumor
Tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue (morbidity).
Tumors of hematopoietic (blood-forming) and lymphatic origins are radiosensitive.
42
radiosensitizers
drugs that make cells more sensitive to radiation
43
simulation
Study prior to radiation therapy using CT scan and/or MRI to map treatment. Simulation is required for all patients undergoing RT.
44
stereotactic radiosurgery
Single large dose of radiation (Gamma Knife surgery) delivered from several different angles under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance to destroy a vascular abnormality (arteriovenous malformation, which is a tangle of blood vessels in the brain) or to treat small intracranial tumors
45
Alopecia
baldness
46
Fibrosis
increase in connective tissue in normal tissues
47
Infertility
inability to contribute to conception of a child
48
Mucositis
inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes
49
Myelosuppression
bone marrow depression
50
Nausea and vomiting
as reaction to radiation therapy to the brain (vomiting center is located in the brainstem) or gastrointestinal tract (loss of epithelial lining tissue) Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs)
51
Secondary tumors
new types of tumors, originating at a site separate from the primary tumor
52
Xerostomia
dryness of the mouth
53
Alkylating agents
directly damage DNA to prevent the cancer cell from reproducing
54
Antibiotics
anti-tumor antibiotics that interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication
55
Antimetabolites
are a class of drugs that interfere with DNA and RNA growth by substituting for the normal building blocks of RNA and DNA
56
Antimitotics
Mitotic inhibitors are often plant alkaloids and other compounds derived from natural products. They can stop mitosis or inhibit enzymes from making proteins needed for cell reproduction.
57
Hormonal agents
Drugs in this category are sex hormones, or hormone-like drugs, that change the action or production of female or male hormones
58
adjuvant therapy
Assisting primary treatment. Drugs are given early in the course of treatment, along with surgery or radiation to attack deposits of cancer cells that may be too small to be detected by diagnostic techniques.
59
alkylating agents
Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing strand breaks.
60
anaplasia
Loss of differentiation of cells
61
angiogenesis
Process of forming new blood vessels
62
antibiotics
Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. They inhibit the growth of cells
63
antimetabolites
Chemicals that prevent cell division; inhibit formation of substances needed to make DNA
64
antimitotics
Drugs that block mitosis (cell division)
65
apoptosis
Programmed cell death
66
benign tumor
Noncancerous growth (neoplasm).
67
biological response modifiers
Produced by normal cells; directly block tumor growth or stimulate immune system to fight cancer
68
biological therapy
Use of the body’s own defenses to destroy tumor cells.
69
brachytherapy
Use of radiation placed directly on or within the cancer
70
carcinogens
Agents that cause cancer
71
carcinoma
Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin. (90%)
72
cellular oncogenes
Pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or by dislocation, can cause a normal cell to become malignant.
73
chemotherapy
Treatment with drugs
74
combination chemotherapy
Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors.
75
dedifferentiation
Loss of differentiation of cells
76
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis.
77
differentiating agents
Drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die.
78
differentiation
Specialization of cells.
79
electron beams
Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.
80
encapsulated
Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated.
81
external beam irradiation
Applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body.
82
fields
Dimensions of the area of the body undergoing irradiation.
83
fractionation
Giving radiation in small, repeated doses.
84
genetic screening
Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.
85
grading of tumors
Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or differentiation
86
gray (Gy)
Unit of absorbed radiation dose.
87
gross description of tumors
Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye
88
infiltrative
Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues.
89
invasive
Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue.
90
irradiation
Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays.
91
linear accelerator
Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors.
92
malignant tumor
Tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis.
93
mesenchymal
Embryonic connective tissue
94
metastasis
Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
95
microscopic description of
| tumors
Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope
96
mitosis
Replication of cells
97
mixed-tissue tumors
Tumors composed of different types of tissue
98
modality
Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.
99
molecularly targeted drugs
Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells.
100
morbidity
Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function.
101
mucinous
Containing mucus.
102
mutation
Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously.
103
neoplasm
New growth; benign or malignant tumor.
104
nucleotide
Unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.
105
oncogene
Region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer
106
palliative
Relieving but not curing symptoms.
107
pedunculated
Possessing a stem or stalk
108
photon therapy
Subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.
109
radiation
Energy carried by a stream of particles.
110
radiocurable tumor
Tumor that is destroyed by radiation therapy.
111
radioresistant tumor
Tumor that requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed.
112
radiosensitive tumor
Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.
113
radiosensitizers
Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays.
114
radiotherapy
Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation oncology.
115
relapse
Recurrence of tumor after treatment.
116
remission
Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease.
117
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells.
118
sarcoma
Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue. (5%)
119
serous
Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum).
120
sessile
Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors.
121
simulation
Study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before with
| radiotherapy is given.
122
solid tumor
Tumor composed of a mass of cells.
123
staging of tumors
extent of spread in the body
124
stereotactic radiosurgery
Delivery of dose of radiation under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance (Gamma Knife surgery)
125
steroids
Complex, naturally occurring chemicals derived from cholesterol. Some are used in cancer chemotherapy.
126
surgical procedures to treat cancer
Methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy.
127
viral oncogenes
Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant.
128
virus
Infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself.
129
alveol/o
small sac
130
cac/o
bad
131
carcin/o
cancer, cancerous
132
cauter/o
burn, heat
133
chem/o
chemical, drug
134
cry/o
cold
135
cyst/o
sac of cluid
136
fibr/o
fibers
137
follicul/o
small glandular sacs
138
fung/i
fungus, mushroom
139
medull/o
soft, inner part
140
mucos/o
mucous membrane
141
mut/a
genetic change
142
mutagen/o
causing genetic change
143
necr/o
death
144
neur/o
nerve
145
onc/o
tumor
146
papill/o
nipple-like
147
plas/o
formation
148
ple/o
many, more
149
polyp/o
polyp
150
prot/o
first
151
radi/o
rays
152
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
153
scirrh/o
hard
154
xer/o
dry
155
-blastoma
immature tumor
156
-genesis
formation
157
-oma
mass, tumor
158
-plasia
formation, growth
159
-suppression
to stop
160
-therapy
treatment
161
ana-
backward
162
apo-
off, away
163
brachy-
short (distance)
164
epi-
upon
165
meta-
beyond; change
166
tele-
far
167
cytogenetic analysis
Chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA.
168
immunohistochemistry
Localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies.
169
protein marker tests
Measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells.
170
bone marrow biopsy
Aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells.
171
bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
Bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient.
172
autologous marrow transplantation
marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored is reinfused when needed
173
allogeneic marrow transplantation
marrow is obtained from a living donor other than the recipient.
174
peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
immature blood cells called stem cells are selected and harvested from the blood of a patient instead of from the
bone marrow. After undergoing chemotherapy, the patient gets a reinfusion of the stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow with blood cells.
175
core needle biopsy
Insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination.
176
exfoliative cytology
Cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
177
fiberoptic colonoscopy
Visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument.
178
laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope. Also known as peritoneoscopy
179
mammography
X-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer.
180
PET/CT scan
Diagnostic procedure combining CT (computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography).
181
radionuclide scans
Radioactive substances (radionuclides) are injected intravenously, and scans (images) of organs are obtained.
182
most common in women
lung, breast, colon
183
most common in men
lung, colon, prostate
184
Carcinogenesis
transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one
* DNA fx
* mitosis
* protein synthesis
* nucleotides
* genes
* mutation
185
Carinogenesis
•Environmental agents
- chem carcinogens
- radiation
- viruses (RNA, DNA)
- oncogenes
186
Cancers that are heredity
Retinoblastoma, polyposis coli, Wilm’s tumors, Ewing’s sarcomas
187
Lung Carcinomas
- adenocarcinoma (bronchioloalveolar)
- large cell carcinoma
- small cell carcinoma
- squamous cell (epidermoid)
188
Reproductive organs Carcinomas
- adenocarcinoma (uterus)
- carcinoma of the penis
- choriocarcinoma (uterus, testes)
- cystadenocarcinoma (ovaries)
- seminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma (testes)
- squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma (vagina, cervix)
189
Skin Carcinomas
- basal cell carcinoma
- malignant melanoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
190
bone
- osteosarcoma
| - Ewing sarcoma
191
muscle
- leiomyosarcoma (smooth)
| - rhabdomyosarcoma (striated)
192
cartilage
chondrosarcoma
193
fat
liposarcoma
194
fibrous tissue
fibrosarcoma
195
Tis
carcinoma in situ
196
Tx
positive malignant cytologic findings, no lesion observed
197
T1
tumor
198
T2
tumor > 3 cm diameter or assoc atelectasis-obstructive pneumopathy
199
T3
Tumor with direct extension into the chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum, pleura, or pericardium
200
T4
Tumor invades the mediastinum or presence of a malignant pleural effusion
201
protocol
detailed plan for treatment of an illness
202
Cancer
Characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells
203
Debulking procedure
May be used to remove as much of primary tumor mass as possible
204
Adjuvant (assisting)
Radiation therapy and/or chemo: after removal of primary tumor to prevent recurrence at distant sites
205
leiomyosarcoma
smooth muscle sarcoma
206
adenocarcinomas
cancerous (malignant) tumor of
| glandular tissue
