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Chap 2/3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the site of action

A

Molecular site where drug has a significant chemical interaction to produce a biological effect

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1
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

Study of the impact of the body on a drug. Absorption distribution metabolism and excretion

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2
Q

What are the site of action for most drugs

A

Usually a specific receptor protein on the cell surface or inside a specific cell, or an enzyme within the cell

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3
Q

What is the onset of action

A

The time it takes for the concentration of the drug molecules at the site of action to become large enough to cause a noticeable biological response

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4
Q

What is the duration of action

A

The time between onset and termination of action – length of time drug produces affect

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5
Q

What is the half-life

A

Time required for the amount of drug in the blood to be reduced by one half

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6
Q

What is bioavailability

A

The amount of drug in the systemic blood stream that has the opportunity to reach the site of action

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7
Q

What are the two components of bioavailability

A

Amount of drug absorbed in the rate of absorption

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8
Q

What factors affect bioavailability

A

Incomplete capsule dissolve, drug in activation via intestinal enzymes, drug entering liver – first pass effect

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9
Q

Define the first pass effect

A

When a drug is absorbed in the intestines directly into the portal circulation, part of the drug is in activated by the liver before it enters the systemic circulation

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10
Q

What does formulation referred to

A

Total contents of the dosage and the type of dosage

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11
Q

What is bioequivalence

A

Comparison of the amounts and rate of drug entering the general circulation for two or more similar formulations of the same drug, measured by concentration in the blood

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12
Q

What is therapeutic equivalence

A

Measured by a fact and not by blood concentration

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13
Q

What determines the extent of drug distribution

A

The drugs lipid solubility and protein binding characteristics

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14
Q

What is the volume of distribution and why is it important

A

Your parents space in the body available to the drug. As the volume of distribution increases the dose needed to get a sufficient concentration to the site of action also increases

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15
Q

Why is chemical structure so important

A

It is the binding force between the drug in all extra and intracellular components that’s affecting all factors associated with the drug

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16
Q

Where are the five things that drug the solubility effect

A

How quickly it is dissolved in G.I. tract, quickly absorbed into the bloodstream, rate and location of distribution throughout the body, rid of excretion, type of liquid dosage form in which it is available

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17
Q

What are the two categories of drug solubility and what does that mean

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Or water-soluble solve more in G.I. tract, more lipid soluble will move is your across the G.I. tract to the blood

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18
Q

How did drugs get to the site of action

A

Must cross membranes – G.I., vascular, cellular

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19
Q

What constitutes cell membranes

A

Phospholipids cholesterol and proteins

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20
Q

What are the three types of transport

A

Passing defusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion

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21
Q

What factors impact passive diffusion

A

The degree of lipid solubility, require concentration gradient

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22
Q

Of the characteristics of active transport

A

Use transporter proteins, can move against concentration gradients, require energy, specificity

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23
Q

Characteristics of facilitated diffusion

A

Requires carrier protein, no energy, cannot be moved against concentration gradient, specificity

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24
What is route of administration
Means by which drug comes in contact with body purpose of reaching side of action
25
What is dosage form?
Physical form in which the drug exists
26
What is absorption
Getting the drug into the bloodstream
27
What factors affect the rate of absorption
Lipid solubility of the drug blood flow to the site of administration, and surface area from which the drug can be absorbed
28
Advantages and disadvantages of oral administration
Cheapest, most convenient, safest, drug can be retrieved the vomiting Sometimes not effective due to an activation, incomplete absorption, cannot be given to unconscious, G.I. Irritation
29
Name six forms of oral administration
``` Tablets – compressed powders Capsules- oblong gelatin containers Syrups- sweetens aqueous solutions Elixirs- flavored ethanol and water Suspensions- solid suspended in liquid Emulsification- liquid with droplets of oil ```
30
What is the purpose of inactive ingredients
Impact effectiveness of drug by altering the amount of drug absorbed or altering the duration of action
31
What is the sub lingual route of administration
Placed under tongue and allowed to dissolve enabling faster absorption into the bloodstream
32
When is rectal route of administration necessary
Unconscious, vomiting, too young to swallow oral dosage forms
33
What are the parenteral routes of administration?
Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous
34
Pros and cons of topical application
Localization is positive, and ineffective dose is negative
35
Pros and cons of inhalation
Fast acting to Lungs, variability of how much reaches the Lungs
36
What is biotransformation
Drug metabolism which occurs primarily in liver
37
Effect of heavy and light exercise on pharmacokinetics
Light – decreases gastric emptying. Heavy – increases gastric emptying
38
Effect of oral absorption rate and exertion through skin by exercise
Oral absorption rate decreases, skin absorption rate increases
39
What is considered a receptor
Macromolecule – protein – which a drug bines and initiates a biological response
40
How does surface receptors self regulate the amount of chemical signals received
If chemical signals or less more receptors are synthesized. If chemical signals are excessive receptor numbers are decreased
41
What is drug affinity
The strength of a bind, how well it fits into lock and key
42
What is drug efficacy
Ability of the drug to cause the receptor to initiate a domino effect of chemical reactions
43
What is the dose response relationship
As the concentration of the drug increases more molecules will occupy more receptors which will then produce a greater response
44
What is Ed 50
The effective dose that produces 50% of a specified response
45
What is potency
Term used to compare the dose of the drug required producing a particular fact relative to the dose of another drug that acts by similar mechanism
46
What is an equal potent dose
Used when comparing the efficacy of similar drugs
47
What does potency impact
Ability to use certain routes of ministration
48
What is LD50
Does that will kill 50%
49
What is the TI
Treatment index? The ratio of LD50 divided by ED50. The larger the value the greater the margin of safety
50
What is TD 50
Does that is toxic to 50 percent of population
51
What is steady-state blood concentration
When the rate of drug becoming bioavailability equals the rate of excretion and metabolized
52
What is drug interaction
When the addition of another drug increases or decreases the effect of obtained from therapy
53
What is receptor antagonist drug interaction
Went to drugs have affinity for the same receptor in one drug displaces the other thus diminishing the response
54
What is enzyme in duction drug interaction
Occurs when a drug increases the synthesis of one or more metabolizing enzymes
55
What is enzyme inhibition drug interaction
Occurs when two drugs buying to the same metabolizing enzymes, but one drug is the substrate for the enzyme where the other is an inhibitor
56
What is physiological agonist drug interaction
Two or more drugs use concurrently result in an increase in physiological effects but the drugs do not have the same mechanism of action or affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of the other
57
What is physiological antagonism drug interaction
The physiological effect of two drugs given concurrently oppose each other without either drug directly interfering with the mechanism of action or pharmacokinetic parameters of the other
58
What is the absorption effect drug interaction
The use of one drug inhibits the absorption of another drug if given concurrently
59
What is the excretion affect drug interaction
One drug increases or decreases the excretion rate of another drug
60
Define adverse drug reaction
Any undesirable response from a drug
61
What are side effects
Expected response is based on pharmacologic action of the drug
62
What are allergic reactions
Expected immune response initiated by the exposure to certain drugs or other chemicals
63
What are organ cytotoxic affects
Adverse effects on organs
64
What are idiosyncratic reactions
Reaction that is peculiar To an individual or a defined group of people
65
What are drug – drug interactions
Interaction of two or more drugs that results in a disadvantage to the patient
66
What are drug food interactions
Interaction of a drug with a food result in adverse patient reaction
67
What are drug – her interactions
Interaction of the drug with herbal products result in adverse patient reactions
68
Define pharmacodynamics
The study of the impact of drugs on the body primarily mechanism of drug action and biological effect
69
Define therapeutics
The study of the parameters that determine the most appropriate therapy for a patient with a specific pathology given a certain set of demographics
70
Describe the additive effect
Response of change from two or more drugs is equal to the sum of the responses obtain with drugs are used individually
71
Defined the synergistic affect
The use of two drugs together produces a response greater than what would be expected by adding the response observed from each use alone
72
Describe the antagonist affect
Second drug reduces the effect of another drug
73
Describe the placebo effect
Therapeutic or adverse response that cannot be attributed to the pharmacological effects of the drug
74
Describe tolerance
Diminish response to a drug as a result of continued use
75
What are the two major mechanisms that cause pharmacological tolerance
Liver enzyme induction – liver produces more molecules of drug metabolizing enzymes Receptor effects – change a number of receptors or the affinity of the receptors for the drug

Pharm (4 decks)

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